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Summary
Summary
The continuing trend toward miniaturization and high power density electronics results in a growing interdependency between different fields of engineering. In particular, thermal management has become essential to the design and manufacturing of most electronic systems.
Heat Transfer: Thermal Management of Electronics details how engineers can use intelligent thermal design to prevent heat-related failures, increase the life expectancy of the system, and reduce emitted noise, energy consumption, cost, and time to market. Appropriate thermal management can also create a significant market differentiation, compared to similar systems. Since there are more design flexibilities in the earlier stages of product design, it would be productive to keep the thermal design in mind as early as the concept and feasibility phase.
The author first provides the basic knowledge necessary to understand and solve simple electronic cooling problems. He then delves into more detail about heat transfer fundamentals to give the reader a deeper understanding of the physics of heat transfer. Next, he describes experimental and numerical techniques and tools that are used in a typical thermal design process. The book concludes with a chapter on some advanced cooling methods.
With its comprehensive coverage of thermal design, this book can help all engineers to develop the necessary expertise in thermal management of electronics and move a step closer to being a multidisciplinary engineer.
Author Notes
Younes Shabany received his BS in mechanical engineering from Sharif University of Technology in Tehran, Iran, in 1991. He then went to Vancouver, Canada where he obtained his MS in mechanical engineering from the University of British Columbia in 1994. He came to the United States and received a Ph.D in mechanical engineering with a minor in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University, California, in 1999. Dr. Shabany has over 18 years of experience in thermal-fluid engineering. He is currently Director of Thermal Engineering & Design and Thermal Architect in Advanced Technology Group at Flextronics International USA, Milpitas, California. In this position, he has been leading thermal design activities in Flextronics' worldwide design centers on a variety of infrastructure, computing, consumer, automobile, medical, and power electronic products. Before Flextronics, he worked for Applied Thermal Technologies, Santa Clara, California, where he was the director for two years. While at Applied Thermal Technologies, he worked with over 60 companies and designed thermal solutions for about as many pieces of electronic equipment including telecom and networking equipment, desktop and laptop computers, biomedical equipment, and consumer products. Dr. Shabany has also been a lecturer at San Jose State University, California, since the summer of 2001. He has taught undergraduate and graduate courses in heat transfer and advanced mathematical analysis including his most favorite course, Heat Transfer in Electronics. He has also advised graduate students on their projects and theses.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xiii |
About the Author | p. xv |
Chapter 1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 Semiconductor Technology Trends | p. 3 |
1.2 Temperature-Dependent Failures | p. 6 |
1.2.1 Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Failures | p. 8 |
1.2.2 Temperature-Dependent Corrosion Failures | p. 12 |
1.2.3 Temperature-Dependent Electrical Failures | p. 12 |
1.3 Importance of Heat Transfer in Electronics | p. 13 |
1.4 Thermal Design Process | p. 14 |
References | p. 18 |
Chapter 2 Energy, Energy Transfer, and Heat Transfer | p. 19 |
2.1 Energy and Work | p. 19 |
2.2 Macroscopic and Microscopic Energies | p. 20 |
2.3 Energy Transfer and Heat Transfer | p. 24 |
2.4 Equation of State | p. 25 |
Problems | p. 28 |
References | p. 28 |
Chapter 3 Principle of Conservation of Energy | p. 29 |
3.1 First Law of Thermodynamics | p. 29 |
3.2 Energy Balance for a Control Mass | p. 31 |
3.3 Energy Balance for a Control Volume | p. 36 |
Problems | p. 44 |
References | p. 51 |
Chapter 4 Heat Transfer Mechanisms | p. 53 |
4.1 Conduction Heat Transfer | p. 53 |
4.2 Convection Heat Transfer | p. 57 |
4.2.1 Simplified Correlations for Convection Heat Transfer in Air | p. 58 |
4.3 Radiation Heat Transfer | p. 61 |
Problems | p. 64 |
References | p. 65 |
Chapter 5 Thermal Resistance Network | p. 67 |
5.1 Thermal Resistance Concept | p. 67 |
5.2 Series Thermal Layers | p. 72 |
5.3 Parallel Thermal Layers | p. 75 |
5.4 General Resistance Network | p. 79 |
5.5 Thermal Contact Resistance | p. 82 |
5.6 Thermal Interface Materials | p. 85 |
5.7 Spreading Thermal Resistance | p. 88 |
5.8 Thermal Resistance of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) | p. 91 |
Problems | p. 97 |
References | p. 101 |
Chapter 6 Thermal Specification of Microelectronic Packages | p. 103 |
6.1 Importance of Packaging | p. 103 |
6.2 Packaging Types | p. 103 |
6.3 Thermal Specifications of Microelectronic Packages | p. 110 |
6.3.1 Junction-to-Air Thermal Resistance | p. 110 |
6.3.2 Junction-to-Case and Junction-to-Board Thermal Resistances | p. 112 |
6.3.3 Package Thermal Characterization Parameters | p. 114 |
6.4 Package Thermal Resistance Network | p. 115 |
6.5 Parameters Affecting Thermal Characteristics of a Package | p. 119 |
6.5.1 Package Size | p. 119 |
6.5.2 Packaging Material | p. 119 |
6.5.3 Die Size | p. 119 |
6.5.4 Device Power Dissipation | p. 121 |
6.5.5 Air Velocity | p. 121 |
6.5.6 Board Size and Thermal Conductivity | p. 122 |
Problems | p. 123 |
References | p. 125 |
Chapter 7 Fins and Heat Sinks | p. 127 |
7.1 Fin Equation | p. 127 |
7.1.1 Infinitely Long Fin | p. 130 |
7.1.2 Adiabatic Fin Tip | p. 132 |
7.1.3 Convection and Radiation from Fin Tip | p. 133 |
7.1.4 Constant Temperature Fin Tip | p. 135 |
7.2 Fin Thermal Resistance, Effectiveness, and Efficiency | p. 140 |
7.3 Fins with Variable Cross Sections | p. 146 |
7.4 Heat Sink Thermal Resistance, Effectiveness, and Efficiency | p. 150 |
7.5 Heat Sink Manufacturing Processes | p. 160 |
Problems | p. 164 |
References | p. 168 |
Chapter 8 Heat Conduction Equation | p. 169 |
8.1 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation for a Plane Wall | p. 171 |
8.2 General Heat Conduction Equation | p. 175 |
8.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions | p. 177 |
8.3.1 Temperature Boundary Condition | p. 178 |
8.3.2 Heat Flux Boundary Condition | p. 179 |
8.3.3 Convection Boundary Condition | p. 181 |
8.3.4 Radiation Boundary Condition | p. 183 |
8.3.5 General Boundary Condition | p. 185 |
8.3.6 Interface Boundary Condition | p. 185 |
8.4 Steady-State Heat Conduction | p. 187 |
8.4.1 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Heat Conduction | p. 187 |
8.4.2 Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Heat Conduction | p. 191 |
8.5 Transient Heat Conduction | p. 194 |
8.6 Lumped Systems | p. 196 |
8.6.1 Simple Lumped System Analysis | p. 196 |
8.6.2 General Lumped System Analysis | p. 198 |
8.6.3 Validity of Lumped System Analysis | p. 202 |
Problems | p. 204 |
References | p. 208 |
Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Convection Heat Transfer | p. 209 |
9.1 Type of Flows | p. 209 |
9.1.1 External and Internal Flows | p. 209 |
9.1.2 Forced and Natural Convection Flows | p. 210 |
9.1.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flows | p. 210 |
9.1.4 Steady-State and Transient Flows | p. 212 |
9.2 Viscous Force, Velocity Boundary Layer, and Friction Coefficient | p. 212 |
9.3 Temperature Boundary Layer and Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient | p. 214 |
9.4 Conservation Equations | p. 215 |
9.5 Boundary Layer Equations | p. 217 |
References | p. 218 |
Chapter 10 Forced Convection Heat Transfer: External Flows | p. 219 |
10.1 Normalized Boundary Layer Equations | p. 219 |
10.2 Reynolds Number, Prandtl Number, Eckert Number, and Nusselt Number | p. 221 |
10.3 Functional Forms of Friction Coefficient and Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient | p. 223 |
10.4 Flow over Flat Plates | p. 227 |
10.4.1 Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate with Constant Temperature | p. 227 |
10.4.2 Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate with Uniform Temperature | p. 234 |
10.4.3 Flow over a Flat Plate with Uniform Surface Heat Flux | p. 237 |
10.5 Flow Across Cylinders | p. 239 |
10.6 Cylindrical Pin-Fin Heat Sink | p. 244 |
10.7 Procedure for Solving External Forced Convection Problems | p. 246 |
Problems | p. 248 |
References | p. 253 |
Chapter 11 Forced Convection Heat Transfer: Internal Flows | p. 255 |
11.1 Mean Velocity and Mean Temperature | p. 255 |
11.2 Laminar and Turbulent Pipe Flows | p. 257 |
11.3 Entry Length and Fully Developed Flow | p. 257 |
11.4 Pumping Power and Convection Heat Transfer in Internal Flows | p. 259 |
11.5 Velocity Profiles and Friction Factor Correlations | p. 263 |
11.6 Temperature Profiles and Convection Heat Transfer Correlations | p. 267 |
11.7 Fans and Pumps | p. 271 |
11.7.1 Types of Fans | p. 271 |
11.7.2 Fan Curve and System Impedance Curve | p. 274 |
11.7.3 Fan Selection | p. 276 |
11.7.4 Types of Pumps | p. 279 |
11.8 Plate-Fin Heat Sinks | p. 281 |
Problems | p. 283 |
References | p. 285 |
Chapter 12 Natural Convection Heat Transfer | p. 287 |
12.1 Buoyancy Force and Natural Convection Flows | p. 287 |
12.2 Natural Convection Velocity and Temperature Boundary Layers | p. 290 |
12.3 Normalized Natural Convection Boundary Layer Equations | p. 291 |
12.3.1 Grashof and Rayleigh Numbers | p. 293 |
12.3.2 Functional Form of the Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient | p. 295 |
12.4 Laminar and Turbulent Natural Convection over a Vertical Flat Plate | p. 296 |
12.5 Natural Convection around Inclined and Horizontal Plates | p. 300 |
12.6 Natural Convection around Vertical and Horizontal Cylinders | p. 303 |
12.7 Natural Convection in Enclosures | p. 304 |
12.8 Natural Convection from Array of Vertical Plates | p. 310 |
12.9 Mixed Convection | p. 313 |
Problems | p. 314 |
References | p. 318 |
Chapter 13 Radiation Heat Transfer | p. 319 |
13.1 Radiation Intensity and Emissive Power | p. 320 |
13.2 Blackbody Radiation | p. 324 |
13.3 Radiation Properties of Surfaces | p. 326 |
13.3.1 Surface Emissivity | p. 326 |
13.3.2 Surface Absorptivity | p. 328 |
13.3.3 Surface Reflectivity | p. 329 |
13.3.4 Surface Transmissivity | p. 330 |
13.3.5 Kirchhoff's Law | p. 331 |
13.4 Solar and Atmospheric Radiations | p. 332 |
13.5 Radiosity | p. 336 |
13.6 View Factors | p. 337 |
13.7 Radiation Heat Transfer between Black Bodies | p. 340 |
13.8 Radiation Heat Transfer between Nonblack Bodies | p. 341 |
13.9 Radiation Heat Transfer from a Plate-Fin Heat Sinks | p. 343 |
Problems | p. 349 |
References | p. 350 |
Chapter 14 Computer Simulations and Thermal Design | p. 351 |
14.1 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Equations: A Summary | p. 352 |
14.2 Fundamentals of Computer Simulation | p. 353 |
14.2.1 Steady-State, One-Dimensional Heat Conduction | p. 353 |
14.2.2 Steady-State, Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction | p. 356 |
14.2.3 Transient Heat Conduction | p. 359 |
14.2.4 Fluid Flow and Energy Equations | p. 362 |
14.3 Turbulent Flows | p. 373 |
14.4 Solution of Finite-Difference Equations | p. 380 |
14.5 Commercial Thermal Simulation Tools | p. 381 |
14.5.1 Creating the Thermal Model | p. 382 |
14.5.2 Creating the Mesh | p. 391 |
14.5.3 Solving Flow and Temperature Equations | p. 393 |
14.5.4 Review the Results | p. 396 |
14.5.5 Presenting the Results | p. 397 |
14.6 Importance of Modeling and Simulation in Thermal Design | p. 398 |
References | p. 399 |
Chapter 15 Experimental Techniques and Thermal Design | p. 401 |
15.1 Flow Rate Measurement Techniques | p. 401 |
15.2 System Impedance Measurement | p. 407 |
15.3 Fan and Pump Curve Measurements | p. 409 |
15.4 Velocity Measurement Methods | p. 410 |
15.5 Temperature Measurement Techniques | p. 414 |
15.6 Acoustic Noise Measurements | p. 417 |
15.7 Importance of Experimental Measurements in Thermal Design | p. 419 |
References | p. 420 |
Chapter 16 Advanced Cooling Technologies | p. 421 |
16.1 Heat Pipes | p. 421 |
16.1.1 Capillary Limit | p. 423 |
16.1.2 Boiling Limit | p. 424 |
16.1.3 Sonic Limit | p. 426 |
16.1.4 Entrainment Limit | p. 426 |
16.1.5 Other Heat Pipe Performance Limits | p. 427 |
16.1.6 Heat Pipe Applications in Electronic Cooling | p. 428 |
16.1.7 Heat Pipe Selection and Modeling | p. 430 |
16.1.8 Thermosyphons, Loop Heat Pipes, and Vapor Chambers | p. 435 |
16.2 Liquid Cooling | p. 439 |
16.3 Thermoelectric Coolers | p. 445 |
16.4 Electrohydrodynamic Flow | p. 449 |
16.5 Synthetic Jet | p. 450 |
References | p. 452 |
Appendix: Tables of Material Properties | p. 455 |
Index | p. 471 |