Power quality enhancement using custom power devices

Title:

Personal Author:

Ghosh, Arindam

Series:

Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science ; PEPS 701

Publication Information:

Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002

ISBN:

9781402071805

Subject Term:

Electric power systems -- Quality control

Electric power systems -- Equipment and supplies

Added Author:

Ledwich, Gerard

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010053032	TK1010 G46 2002	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices considers the structure, control and performance of series compensating DVR, the shunt DSTATCOM and the shunt with series UPQC for power quality improvement in electricity distribution.
Also addressed are other power electronic devices for improving power quality in Solid State Transfer Switches and Fault Current Limiters. Applications for these technologies as they relate to compensating busses supplied by a weak line and for distributed generation connections in rural networks, are included. In depth treatment of inverters to achieve voltage support, voltage balancing, harmonic suppression and transient suppression in realistic network environments are also covered. New material on the potential for shunt and series compensation which emphasizes the importance of control design has been introduced.

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgements	p. xix
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Electric Power Quality	p. 3
1.1.1 Impacts of Power Quality Problems on End Users	p. 4
1.1.2 Power Quality Standards	p. 6
1.1.3 Power Quality Monitoring	p. 7
1.2 Power Electronic Applications in Power Transmission Systems	p. 8
1.2.1 HVDC Transmission	p. 8
1.2.2 HVDC Light	p. 9
1.2.3 Static Var Compensator (SVC)	p. 10
1.2.4 Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)	p. 12
1.2.5 Static Compensator (STATCOM)	p. 14
1.2.6 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)	p. 16
1.2.7 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)	p. 16
1.2.8 Other FACTS Devices	p. 17
1.3 Power Electronic Applications in Power Distribution Systems	p. 18
1.4 Distributed Generation	p. 22
1.5 References	p. 23
2 Characterization of Electric Power Quality	p. 27
2.1 Power Quality Terms and Definitions	p. 29
2.1.1 Transients	p. 29
2.1.2 Short Duration Voltage Variations	p. 33
2.1.3 Long Duration Voltage variations	p. 35
2.1.4 Voltage Imbalance	p. 36
2.1.5 Waveform Distortion	p. 36
2.1.6 Voltage Fluctuations	p. 39
2.1.7 Power Frequency Variations	p. 39
2.1.8 Power Acceptability Curves	p. 39
2.2 Power Quality Problems	p. 40
2.2.1 Poor Load Power Factor	p. 41
2.2.2 Loads Containing Harmonics	p. 42
2.2.3 Notching in Load Voltage	p. 45
2.2.4 DC Offset in Loads	p. 45
2.2.5 Unbalanced Loads	p. 46
2.2.6 Disturbance in Supply Voltage	p. 52
2.3 Conclusions	p. 53
2.4 References	p. 54
3 Analysis and Conventional Mitigation Methods	p. 55
3.1 Analysis of Power Outages	p. 55
3.2 Analysis of Unbalance	p. 60
3.2.1 Symmetrical Components of Phasor Quantities	p. 60
3.2.2 Instantaneous Symmetrical Components	p. 64
3.2.3 Instantaneous Real and Reactive Powers	p. 67
3.3 Analysis of Distortion	p. 72
3.3.1 On-line Extraction of Fundamental Sequence Components from Measured Samples	p. 76
3.3.2 Harmonic Indices	p. 84
3.4 Analysis of Voltage Sag	p. 86
3.4.1 Detroit Edison Sag Score	p. 88
3.4.2 Voltage Sag Energy	p. 88
3.4.3 Voltage Sag Lost Energy Index (VSLEI)	p. 88
3.5 Analysis of Voltage Flicker	p. 90
3.6 Reduced Duration and Customer Impact of Outages	p. 92
3.7 Classical Load Balancing Problem	p. 93
3.7.1 Open-Loop Balancing	p. 94
3.7.2 Closed-Loop balancing	p. 98
3.7.3 Current Balancing	p. 102
3.8 Harmonic Reduction	p. 104
3.9 Voltage Sag or Dip Reduction	p. 108
3.10 Conclusions	p. 110
3.11 References	p. 111
4 Custom Power Devices: An Introduction	p. 113
4.1 Utility-Customer Interface	p. 114
4.2 Introduction to Custom Power Devices	p. 116
4.2.1 Network Reconfiguring Devices	p. 117
4.2.2 Load Compensation using DSTATCOM	p. 121
4.2.3 Voltage Regulation using DSTATCOM	p. 126
4.2.4 Protecting Sensitive Loads using DVR	p. 127
4.2.5 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)	p. 130
4.3 Custom Power Park	p. 131
4.4 Status of Application of CP Devices	p. 134
4.5 Conclusions	p. 136
4.6 References	p. 136
5 Structure and Control of Power Converters	p. 137
5.1 Inverter Topology	p. 138
5.1.1 Single-Phase H-Bridge Inverter	p. 138
5.1.2 Three-Phase Inverter	p. 143
5.2 Hard-Switched Versus Soft-Switched	p. 146
5.3 High Voltage Inverters	p. 153
5.4 Combining Inverters for Increased Power and Voltage	p. 154
5.4.1 Multi-Step Inverter	p. 155
5.4.2 Multilevel Inverter	p. 162
5.4.3 Chain Converter	p. 167
5.5 Open-Loop Voltage Control	p. 169
5.5.1 Sinusoidal PWM for H-Bridge Inverter	p. 169
5.5.2 Sinusoidal PWM for three-phase Inverter	p. 174
5.5.3 SPWM in Multilevel Inverter	p. 175
5.5.4 Space Vector Modulation	p. 178
5.5.5 Other Modulation Techniques	p. 180
5.6 Closed-Loop Switching Control	p. 182
5.6.1 Closed-Loop Modulation	p. 182
5.6.2 Stability of Switching Control	p. 183
5.6.3 Sampled Error Control	p. 185
5.6.4 Hysteresis Control	p. 187
5.7 Second and Higher Order Systems	p. 188
5.7.1 Sliding Mode Controller	p. 192
5.7.2 Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR)	p. 193
5.7.3 Tracking Controller Convergence	p. 195
5.7.4 Condition for Tracking Reference Convergence	p. 198
5.7.5 Deadbeat Controller	p. 200
5.7.6 Pole Shift Controller	p. 202
5.7.7 Sequential Linear Quadratic Regulator (SLQR)	p. 203
5.8 Conclusions	p. 210
5.9 References	p. 212
6 Solid State Limiting, Breaking and Transferring Devices	p. 215
6.1 Solid State Current Limiter	p. 216
6.1.1 Current Limiter Topology	p. 216
6.1.2 Current Limiter Operating Principle	p. 217
6.2 Solid State Breaker (SSB)	p. 220
6.3 Issues in Limiting and Switching Operations	p. 223
6.4 Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS)	p. 225
6.5 Sag/Swell Detection Algorithms	p. 232
6.5.1 Algorithm Based on Symmetrical Components	p. 232
6.5.2 Algorithm Based on Two-Axis Transformation	p. 233
6.5.3 Algorithm Based on Instantaneous Symmetrical Components	p. 234
6.6 Conclusions	p. 238
6.7 References	p. 239
7 Load Compensation using DSTATCOM	p. 241
7.1 Compensating Single-Phase Loads	p. 242
7.2 Ideal Three-Phase Shunt Compensator Structure	p. 245
7.3 Generating Reference Currents using Instantaneous PQ Theory	p. 249
7.4 Generating Reference Currents using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components	p. 259
7.4.1 Compensating Star Connected Loads	p. 260
7.4.2 Compensating Delta Connected Loads	p. 265
7.5 General Algorithm for Generating Reference Currents	p. 268
7.5.1 Various Compensation Schemes and Their Characteristics Based on the General Algorithm	p. 269
7.5.2 Discussion of Results	p. 270
7.6 Generating Reference Currents when the Source is Unbalanced	p. 276
7.6.1 Compensating to Equal Resistance	p. 278
7.6.2 Compensating to Equal Source Currents	p. 280
7.6.3 Compensating to Equal Average Power	p. 282
7.7 Conclusions	p. 285
7.8 References	p. 285
8 Realization and Control of DSTATCOM	p. 287
8.1 DSTATCOM Structure	p. 288
8.2 Control of DSTATCOM Connected to a Stiff Source	p. 291
8.3 DSTATCOM Connected to Weak Supply point	p. 296
8.3.1 DSTATCOM Structure for Weak Supply Point Connection	p. 299
8.3.2 Switching Control of DSTATCOM	p. 302
8.3.3 DC Capacitor Control	p. 308
8.4 DSTATCOM Current Control through Phasors	p. 310
8.4.1 Case-1: When Both Load and Source are Unbalanced	p. 311
8.4.2 Case-2: When Both Load and Source are Unbalanced and Load Contains Harmonics	p. 313
8.4.3 Case-3: Both Load and Source are Unbalanced and Distorted	p. 314
8.4.4 DC Capacitor Control	p. 319
8.5 DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode	p. 321
8.5.1 State Feedback Control of DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode	p. 322
8.5.2 Output Feedback Control of DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode	p. 327
8.6 Conclusions	p. 330
8.7 References	p. 330
9 Series Compensation of Power Distribution System	p. 333
9.1 Rectifier Supported DVR	p. 335
9.2 DC Capacitor Supported DVR	p. 340
9.2.1 Fundamental Frequency Series Compensator Characteristics	p. 341
9.2.2 Transient Operation of Series Compensator when the Supply is Balanced	p. 346
9.2.3 Transient Operation when the Supply is Unbalanced or Distorted	p. 348
9.2.4 Series Compensator Rating	p. 350
9.2.5 An Alternate Strategy Based on Instantaneous Symmetrical Components	p. 355
9.3 DVR Structure	p. 359
9.3.1 Output Feedback Control of DVR	p. 360
9.3.2 State Feedback Control of DVR	p. 365
9.4 Voltage Restoration	p. 370
9.5 Series Active Filter	p. 372
9.6 Conclusions	p. 376
9.7 References	p. 376
10 Unified Power Quality Conditioner	p. 379
10.1 UPQC Configurations	p. 380
10.2 Right-Shunt UPQC Characteristics	p. 381
10.3 Left-Shunt UPQC Characteristics	p. 388
10.4 Structure and Control of Right-Shunt UPQC	p. 391
10.4.1 Right-shunt UPQC Structure	p. 391
10.4.2 Right-Shunt UPQC Control	p. 392
10.4.3 Harmonic Elimination using Right-Shunt UPQC	p. 398
10.5 Structure and Control of Left-Shunt UPQC	p. 401
10.5.1 Left-Shunt UPQC Structure	p. 401
10.5.2 Left-Shunt UPQC Control	p. 402
10.6 Conclusions	p. 405
10.7 References	p. 406
11 Distributed Generation and Grid Interconnection	p. 407
11.1 Distributed Generation--Connection Requirements and Impacts on the Network	p. 407
11.1.1 Standards for Grid Connection	p. 408
11.1.2 Key Requirements in Standards	p. 408
11.1.3 Grid Friendly Inverters	p. 409
11.1.4 Angle Stability for Inverters	p. 410
11.1.5 Issues for Distributed Generation	p. 410
11.2 Interaction and Optimal Location of DG	p. 411
11.2.1 EigenAnalysis and Voltage Interaction	p. 411
11.2.2 Simulation Results of EigenAnalysis and Voltage Interaction	p. 415
11.3 Power Quality in DG	p. 417
11.3.1 Mitigation of Voltage Dip during Motor Start	p. 417
11.3.2 Harmonic Effects with DG	p. 419
11.3.3 Voltage Flicker and Voltage Fluctuation	p. 421
11.4 Islanding Issues	p. 422
11.4.1 Anti-Islanding Protection	p. 422
11.4.2 Vector Shift	p. 423
11.4.3 Dedicated Islanding Operation	p. 423
11.4.4 Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF)	p. 424
11.5 Distribution Line Compensation	p. 425
11.5.1 Line Voltage Sensitivity	p. 425
11.5.2 Case-1: Heavy Load	p. 426
11.5.3 Case-2: Light Load	p. 435
11.6 Real Generation	p. 435
11.7 Protection Issues for Distributed Generation	p. 435
11.8 Technologies for Disributed Generation	p. 437
11.9 Power Quality Impact from Different DG Types	p. 437
11.10 Conclusions	p. 441
11.11 References	p. 441
12 Future Directions and Opportunities for Power Quality Enhancement	p. 443
12.1 Power Quality Sensitivity	p. 443
12.1.1 Costs of Power Quality	p. 444
12.1.2 Mitigation of Power Quality Impacts from Sags	p. 446
12.2 Utility Based Versus Customer Based Correction	p. 447
12.2.1 Dips and Outages	p. 448
12.2.2 Harmonic, Flicker and Voltage Spikes	p. 449
12.3 Power Quality Contribution to the Network from Customer Owned Equipment	p. 450
12.3.1 Issues	p. 450
12.3.2 Addressing the Barriers to Customer Owned Grid Friendly Inverters	p. 451
12.4 Interconnection Standards	p. 451
12.5 Power Quality Performance Requirements and Validation	p. 452
12.5.1 Commercial Customers	p. 452
12.5.2 Regulator Requirements	p. 452
12.5.3 An Example	p. 453
12.6 Shape of Energy Delivery	p. 454
12.7 Role of Compensators in Future Energy Delivery	p. 455
12.8 Conclusions	p. 456
12.9 References	p. 456
Index	p. 457

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