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Summary
Summary
Medical devices are often very complex, but while there are differences in design from one manufacturer to another, the principles of operation and, more importantly, the physiological and anatomical characteristics on which they operate are universal. Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, Second Edition explains the uses and applications of medical technology and the principles of medical equipment management to familiarize readers with their prospective work environment.
Written by an experienced biomedical engineering technologist, the book describes the technological devices, various hardware, tools, and test equipment used in today#65533;s health-care arena. Photographs of representative equipment; the technical, physiological, and anatomical basis for their function; and where they are commonly found in hospitals are detailed for a wide range of biomedical devices, from defibrillators to electrosurgery units.
Throughout, the text incorporates real-life examples of the work that biomedical engineering technologists do. Appendices supply useful information such as normal medical values, a list of regulatory bodies, Internet resources, and information on training programs. Thoroughly revised and updated, this second edition includes more examples and illustrations as well as end-of-chapter questions to test readers#65533; understanding.
This accessible text supplies an essential overview of clinical equipment and the devices that are used directly with patients in the course of their care for diagnostic or treatment purposes. The author#65533;s practical approach and organization, outlining everyday functions and applications of the various medical devices, prepares readers for situations they will encounter on the job.
What#65533;s New in This Edition:
Revised and updated throughout, including a wider range of devices, full-color anatomy illustrations, and more information about test equipment New, integrated end-of-chapter questions More real-life examples of Biomedical Engineering Technologist (BMET) work, including the adventures of "Joe Biomed" and his colleagues New appendices with information about normal medical values, regulatory bodies, educational programs in the United States and Canada, international BMET associations, Internet resources, and lists of test equipment manufacturers More illustrationsAuthor Notes
Laurence Street has a BSc degree in Zoology from the University of British Columbia, a BC Teaching Certificate from UBC, and a Diploma in Biomedical Engineering Technology from the B.C. Institute of Technology. He has taught at both middle school and community college levels, and worked for almost 30 years as a hospital Biomedical Engineering Technologist. He has three previous books published by CRC Press/Taylor & Francis: A Guide to Patient Care Technology, the first edition of Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, and Clinical Procedures for Medical Technology Specialists.
To illustrate the real-life work of biomedical engineering technologists, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, Second Edition describes the adventures of "Joe Biomed" and his colleagues. You can connect with Joe Biomed on Facebook.
Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Scope of This Book | p. xix |
Chapter 1 Introduction | p. 1 |
History of Medical Devices | p. 1 |
Stethoscopes | p. 3 |
Microscopes | p. 5 |
Surgery | p. 6 |
Defibrillators | p. 8 |
The Role of Biomedical Engineering Technologists in Health Care | p. 8 |
Characteristics of Human Anatomy and Physiology That Relate to Medical Devices | p. 15 |
Electrical Signals and Conductivity | p. 15 |
Circulation | p. 16 |
Blood | p. 21 |
Respiration | p. 22 |
Chemical Balances | p. 23 |
Densities | p. 24 |
Temperature | p. 24 |
Hypothermia | p. 26 |
Hyperthermia | p. 26 |
Summary | p. 27 |
Questions | p. 27 |
Chapter 2 Diagnostic Devices: Part I | p. 29 |
Physiological Monitoring Systems | p. 29 |
Overview | p. 29 |
Integration and Connectivity | p. 32 |
Central Stations | p. 33 |
Telemetry | p. 35 |
The Heart | p. 38 |
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Monitors and Machines | p. 38 |
ECG Electrodes | p. 40 |
Amplifiers | p. 41 |
Interference | p. 41 |
Internally Generated Artifacts | p. 42 |
Externally Generated Artifacts | p. 42 |
Filters | p. 42 |
Lead Arrangements | p. 43 |
Patient Isolation | p. 44 |
Digital Systems | p. 45 |
Waveform Analysis and Measurements | p. 45 |
Alarms | p. 46 |
Waveform/Event Storage | p. 46 |
Arrhythmia Analysis | p. 46 |
Types of Arrhythmias | p. 47 |
Stress Testing | p. 49 |
Exercise Component | p. 49 |
Interface | p. 51 |
Controller | p. 51 |
ECG Monitor | p. 52 |
Ambulatory ECG Recorders/Analysis Systems | p. 53 |
Cardiac Output | p. 54 |
Summary | p. 55 |
Questions | p. 55 |
Chapter 3 Diagnostic Devices: Part II | p. 57 |
Circulatory System and Blood | p. 57 |
Introduction | p. 57 |
Hypertension | p. 57 |
Hypotension | p. 58 |
Blood Pressure Measurement | p. 58 |
Invasive Blood Pressure Monitors | p. 58 |
Pressure Transducers | p. 58 |
Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitors | p. 59 |
Pressure Measurement Cycle | p. 60 |
Further Notes | p. 60 |
Pulse Oximeters | p. 61 |
Transcutaneous CO 2 Analyzers | p. 64 |
Blood Chemistry Analyzers | p. 66 |
Glucometers | p. 67 |
Doppler Blood Flow Detectors | p. 69 |
Respiratory System | p. 71 |
Pulmonary Function Analyzers | p. 71 |
Incentive Spirometer | p. 73 |
Graphing Spirometer | p. 73 |
Pulmonary Function Analyzer | p. 73 |
Respiration Monitors | p. 73 |
Capnography Monitors | p. 75 |
Oxygen Analyzers | p. 75 |
Bronchoscopy Systems | p. 77 |
Nervous System | p. 78 |
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Monitors and Machines | p. 79 |
Bispectral Index System (BIS™) Monitors | p. 81 |
Muscle/Nerve Stimulators | p. 81 |
Summary | p. 82 |
Questions | p. 82 |
Chapter 4 Diagnostic Devices: Part III | p. 85 |
Digestive System | p. 85 |
Endoscopes | p. 85 |
General | p. 85 |
Types of Endoscopes | p. 85 |
Rigid Endoscopes | p. 85 |
Flexible Endoscopes | p. 87 |
Other System Components | p. 88 |
Video Recorder/Storage | p. 92 |
Video Monitor | p. 92 |
Insufflator | p. 93 |
Irrigation and Suction | p. 93 |
Tools | p. 93 |
Sensory Organs | p. 94 |
Oto/Laryngo/Ophthalmoscopes | p. 94 |
Otoscope | p. 95 |
Laryngoscope | p. 95 |
Ophthalmoscope | p. 95 |
Slit Lamps | p. 97 |
Reproduction | p. 97 |
Fetal Heart Detectors | p. 97 |
Fetal Monitors | p. 99 |
Infant Scales | p. 101 |
APGAR Timers | p. 101 |
Skin, Bone, Muscle, Miscellaneous | p. 103 |
Thermometers | p. 103 |
Electronic Probe Thermometers | p. 104 |
Tympanic Thermometers | p. 105 |
Densitometers | p. 106 |
Arthroscopy Systems | p. 106 |
Chapter Summary | p. 107 |
Questions | p. 107 |
Chapter 5 Diagnostic Imaging | p. 109 |
Introduction | p. 109 |
X-Rays | p. 109 |
History | p. 109 |
Physics | p. 109 |
Definitions of Units | p. 110 |
Detectors | p. 110 |
Effects and Dosage Limits | p. 111 |
X-Ray Safety | p. 111 |
X-Ray Procedures | p. 112 |
Dental X-Rays | p. 112 |
General Purpose X-Ray Rooms | p. 112 |
Mammography | p. 113 |
Computed (Axial) Tomography Scanners | p. 113 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanners | p. 115 |
Positron Emission Tomography | p. 119 |
Diagnostic Ultrasound | p. 121 |
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems | p. 122 |
Summary | p. 124 |
Questions | p. 124 |
Chapter 6 Treatment Devices: Part I | p. 125 |
Heart | p. 125 |
Defibrillators | p. 125 |
History | p. 125 |
Theory of Operation | p. 125 |
Function | p. 127 |
Defibrillator Types | p. 131 |
Pacemakers | p. 136 |
History | p. 136 |
Theory of Operation | p. 136 |
Construction | p. 138 |
Application | p. 138 |
External Pacemakers | p. 138 |
Circulatory System and Blood | p. 139 |
Artificial Hearts | p. 139 |
Ventricular Assist Devices | p. 139 |
Intraaortic Balloon Pumps | p. 140 |
Heart-Lung Machines | p. 140 |
Sequential Compression Devices | p. 140 |
Automatic Tourniquets | p. 142 |
Blood Warmers | p. 142 |
Intravenous Fluid Administration Pumps | p. 144 |
Pressure Infusers | p. 144 |
Fluid Controllers | p. 145 |
Syringe Pumps | p. 145 |
Piston Pumps | p. 145 |
Peristaltic Pumps | p. 145 |
Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pumps | p. 147 |
Safety Features of IV Pumps | p. 153 |
Respiratory System | p. 154 |
Ventilators | p. 154 |
CPAP/BiPAP Units | p. 161 |
Oxygen Concentrators | p. 161 |
Humidifiers | p. 162 |
Summary | p. 163 |
Questions | p. 163 |
Chapter 7 Treatment Devices: Part II | p. 165 |
Nervous System | p. 165 |
Anesthesia | p. 165 |
Anesthetic Agents | p. 165 |
Anesthetic Machines | p. 166 |
Anesthesia Vaporizers | p. 166 |
Anesthetic Gas Monitors | p. 167 |
Electroconvulsive Therapy Machines | p. 168 |
Digestive System | p. 175 |
Feeding Pumps | p. 175 |
Renal System | p. 178 |
Hemodialysis | p. 178 |
Water Purification System | p. 178 |
Access Point | p. 178 |
Monitoring Components | p. 179 |
Dialyzer | p. 180 |
Peritoneal Dialysis | p. 180 |
Lithotriptors | p. 181 |
Sensory Organs | p. 183 |
Phacoemulsifiers | p. 183 |
Ophthalmic Lasers | p. 185 |
Summary | p. 189 |
Questions | p. 189 |
Chapter 8 Treatment Devices: Part III | p. 191 |
Reproduction | p. 191 |
Bilirubin Therapy Systems | p. 191 |
Infant Incubators | p. 191 |
Infant Resuscitators | p. 196 |
Nitrous Oxide Units | p. 199 |
Skin, Bone, Muscle, and Miscellaneous | p. 200 |
Electrosurgery Machines | p. 200 |
Monopolar Electrosurgery | p. 202 |
Bipolar Electrosurgery | p. 205 |
Surgical Lasers | p. 206 |
Carbon Dioxide Lasers | p. 207 |
Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG) Lasers | p. 208 |
Argon Lasers | p. 208 |
Excimer Lasers | p. 208 |
Laser Safety | p. 208 |
Surgical Ultrasound | p. 208 |
Cryosurgery Units | p. 208 |
Microscopes | p. 209 |
Sterilizers | p. 212 |
Gas Sterilizers | p. 212 |
Heat Sterilizers | p. 214 |
Liquid Sterilizers | p. 214 |
Physiotherapy Equipment | p. 214 |
Continuous Passive Motion | p. 215 |
Pain Relief | p. 215 |
Promotion of Healing | p. 219 |
Summary | p. 220 |
Questions | p. 221 |
Chapter 9 Biomedical Engineering Technologist (BMET) Work | p. 223 |
Overview | p. 223 |
Electrical Safety | p. 223 |
Rationale | p. 224 |
Testing Methods | p. 224 |
Other Safety Considerations | p. 229 |
Fire Safety | p. 229 |
Chemical Safety | p. 230 |
Mechanical Safety | p. 230 |
Infection Control | p. 230 |
Sharps Safety | p. 231 |
Performance Assurance | p. 233 |
Troubleshooting Techniques | p. 237 |
Electrostatic Discharge | p. 242 |
Summary | p. 242 |
Questions | p. 242 |
Chapter 10 Testers and Tools | p. 245 |
Introduction | p. 245 |
General Test Equipment | p. 245 |
Digital Multimeters | p. 245 |
Oscilloscopes | p. 245 |
Other Test Equipment | p. 250 |
Specialized Biomedical Test Equipment | p. 250 |
Electrosurgery Unit (ESU) Analyzers | p. 250 |
Infusion Device Analyzers | p. 254 |
Physiological Simulators | p. 255 |
Noninvasive Blood Pressure (NIBP) Analyzers | p. 258 |
Ventilator Analyzers | p. 259 |
Incubator Analyzers | p. 261 |
SpO 2 Analyzers | p. 262 |
Ultrasound Analyzers | p. 263 |
Defibrillator Analyzers | p. 264 |
Pacemaker Analyzers | p. 265 |
Specialized Calibration and Testing Devices | p. 266 |
Tools | p. 267 |
General | p. 267 |
Specialized Tools and Components | p. 269 |
Power Tools | p. 270 |
Soldering | p. 272 |
Other | p. 273 |
Summary | p. 275 |
Questions | p. 276 |
Chapter 11 Batteries, Radiation, and Computers | p. 277 |
Batteries | p. 277 |
Nonrechargeable Batteries | p. 277 |
Alkaline | p. 277 |
Mercury | p. 278 |
Zinc/Air | p. 278 |
Rechargeable Batteries | p. 278 |
Lithium or LiIon | p. 278 |
Nickel Metal Hydride or NiMH | p. 278 |
Nickel Cadmium or NiCad, NiCd | p. 279 |
Lead Acid | p. 279 |
Battery Analyzers | p. 281 |
Battery Disposal | p. 282 |
Electromagnetic Radiation | p. 282 |
Digital Electronics | p. 283 |
Introduction | p. 283 |
Digital Signals | p. 283 |
Binary Numbers | p. 284 |
Analog-to-Digital Conversion | p. 284 |
Microprocessors | p. 285 |
Computers and Networks | p. 285 |
Summary | p. 287 |
Questions | p. 287 |
Chapter 12 Technology Management | p. 289 |
General Considerations | p. 289 |
Planning | p. 289 |
Software | p. 289 |
Appendix A Normal Values | p. 291 |
Appendix B Regulations and Standards | p. 295 |
Appendix C Biomedical Engineering Technology Programs in the United States and Canada | p. 299 |
Appendix D Biomedical Associations | p. 309 |
Appendix E Devices and Manufacturers | p. 315 |
Appendix F Test Equipment Manufacturers | p. 317 |
Appendix G Bibliography and Internet Resources | p. 319 |
Index | p. 323 |