Cover image for Stormwater effects handbook :  a toolbox for watershed managers, scientists, and engineers
Title:
Stormwater effects handbook : a toolbox for watershed managers, scientists, and engineers
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Publication Information:
Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers, 2002.
ISBN:
9780873719247
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Electronic Access:
Online via EnvironetBase

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EB000437 EB 000437 Electronic Book 1:EBOOK
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Summary

Summary

A stand-alone working document, Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers assists scientists and regulators in determining when stormwater runoff causes adverse effects in receiving waters. This complicated task requires an integrated assessment approach that focuses on sampling before, during, and after storms. The Handbook supplies assessment strategies, sample testing and collection methods, and includes illustrative figures and tables.
The authors introduce an innovative design that can be tailored to address a wide range of environmental concerns, such as: ecological and human health risk assessments, water quality or biological criteria exceedences, use impairment, source identification, trend analysis, determination of best management practices, stormwater quality monitoring for NPDES Phase I and II permits and applications, and total maximum daily load assessments. They provide case studies to illustrate the effectiveness of this approach and the data that can be compiled.
Containing reviews of emerging technologies that hold promise for more effective receiving water evaluations, this book gives you detailed information on selecting methods and carrying out comprehensive evaluations. It includes guidance for the experimental design measurements, as well as standard and advanced statistical methods for data evaluations. Despite the complexity of stormwater management, successful and accurate assessments of their impact are possible by following the integrated approaches described in Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers.


Table of Contents

Unit 1 The Problem of Stormwater Runoff
Chapter 1 Introduction
Overview: The Problem of Stormwater Runoffp. 3
Sources of NPS Pollutionp. 4
Regulatory Programp. 8
Applications of the Handbookp. 10
Referencesp. 13
Chapter 2 Receiving Water Uses, Impairments, and Sources of Stormwater Pollutants
Introductionp. 15
Beneficial Use Impairmentsp. 22
Likely Causes of Receiving Water Use Impairmentsp. 30
Major Urban Runoff Sourcesp. 31
Summaryp. 42
Referencesp. 43
Chapter 3 Stressor Categories and Their Effects on Humans and Ecosystems
Effects of Runoff on Receiving Watersp. 47
Stressor Categories and Their Effectsp. 63
Receiving Water Effect Summaryp. 90
Referencesp. 92
Unit 2 Components of the Assessment
Chapter 4 Overview of Assessment Problem Formulation
Introductionp. 102
Watershed Indicators of Biological Receiving Water Problemsp. 103
Summary of Assessment Toolsp. 107
Study Design Overviewp. 107
Beginning the Assessmentp. 108
Example Outline of a Comprehensive Runoff Effect Studyp. 119
Case Studies of Previous Receiving Water Evaluationsp. 123
Summary: Typical Recommended Study Plansp. 213
Referencesp. 218
Chapter 5 Sampling Effort and Collection Methods
Introductionp. 224
Experimental Design: Sampling Number and Frequencyp. 224
Data Quality Objectives (DQO) and Associated QA/QC Requirementsp. 247
General Considerations for Sample Collectionp. 254
Receiving Water, Point Source Discharge, and Source Area Samplingp. 278
Sediment and Pore Water Samplingp. 313
Summary: Basic Sample Collection Methodsp. 336
Referencesp. 338
Chapter 6 Ecosystem Component Characterization
Overviewp. 346
Flow and Rainfall Monitoringp. 349
Soil Evaluationsp. 388
Aesthetics, Litter, and Safetyp. 398
Habitatp. 400
Water and Sediment Analytes and Methodsp. 423
Microorganisms in Stormwater and Urban Receiving Watersp. 485
Benthos Sampling and Evaluation in Urban Streamsp. 491
Zooplankton Samplingp. 502
Fish Samplingp. 502
Toxicity and Bioaccumulationp. 507
Summaryp. 546
Referencesp. 550
Chapter 7 Statistical Analyses of Receiving Water Data
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Analysis Tools and Proceduresp. 575
Comments on Selected Statistical Analyses Frequently Applied to Receiving Water Datap. 582
Summary of Statistical Elements of Concern When Conducting a Receiving Water Investigationp. 605
Referencesp. 606
Chapter 8 Data Interpretation
Is There a Problem?p. 609
Evaluating Biological Stream Impairments Using the Weight-of-Evidence Approachp. 611
Evaluating Human Health Impairments Using a Risk Assessment Approachp. 619
Identifying and Prioritizing Critical Stormwater Sourcesp. 626
Summaryp. 636
Referencesp. 637
Unit 3 Toolbox of Assessment Methods
Appendix A Habitat Characterization
The Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI)p. 643
The USEPA Habitat Assessment for the Rapid Bioassessment Protocolsp. 652
Referencesp. 662
Appendix B Benthic Community Assessment
Rapid Bioassessment Protocol: Benthic Macroinvertebratesp. 665
The Ohio EPA Invertebrate Community Index Approachp. 681
A Partial Listing of Agencies that Have Developed Tolerance Classifications and/or Biotic Indicesp. 687
Referencesp. 690
Appendix C Fish Community Assessment
Rapid Bioassessment Protocol V--Fishp. 693
Referencesp. 707
Appendix D Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Testing
General Toxicity Testing Methodsp. 710
Methods for Conducting Long-Term Sediment Toxicity Tests with Hyalella aztecap. 710
Methods for Conducting Long-Term Sediment Toxicity Tests with Chironomus tentansp. 718
In Situ Testing Using Confined Organismsp. 724
Toxicity Identification Evaluationsp. 729
Toxicity--Microtox Screening Testp. 730
Referencesp. 733
Appendix E Laboratory Safety, Waste Disposal, and Chemical Analyses Methods
Introductionp. 736
Fundamentals of Laboratory Safetyp. 737
Basic Rules and Procedures for Working with Chemicalsp. 738
Use and Storage of Chemicals in the Laboratoryp. 743
Procedures for Specific Classes of Hazardous Materialsp. 748
Emergency Proceduresp. 758
Chemical Waste Disposal Programp. 760
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)p. 763
Summary of Field Test Kitsp. 767
Special Comments Pertaining to Heavy Metal Analysesp. 774
Stormwater Sample Extractions for EPA Methods 608 and 625p. 779
Calibration and Deployment Setup Procedure for YSI 6000upg Water Quality Monitoring Sondep. 782
Referencesp. 785
Appendix F Sampling Requirements for Paired Tests
Chartsp. 787
Appendix G Water Quality Criteria
Introductionp. 798
EPA's Water Quality Criteria and Standards Plan--Priorities for the Futurep. 798
Compilation of Recommended Water Quality Criteria and EPA's Process for Deriving New and Revised Criteriap. 799
Ammoniap. 813
Bacteriap. 816
Chloride, Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solidsp. 822
Chromiump. 823
Copperp. 824
Hardnessp. 825
Hydrocarbonsp. 826
Leadp. 827
Nitrate and Nitritep. 828
Phosphatep. 830
pHp. 832
Suspended Solids and Turbidityp. 834
Zincp. 835
Sediment Guidelinesp. 836
Referencesp. 839
Appendix H Watershed and Receiving Water Modeling
Introductionp. 843
Modeling Stormwater Effects and the Need for Local Data for Calibration and Verificationp. 845
Summaryp. 866
Referencesp. 866
Appendix I Glossaryp. 867
Appendix J Vendors of Supplies and Equipment Used in Receiving Water Monitoring
General Field and Laboratory Equipmentp. 871
Automatic Samplersp. 872
Basic Field Test Kitsp. 873
Specialized Field Test Kitsp. 873
Parts and Supplies for Custom Equipmentp. 873
Toxicity Test Organismsp. 874
Laboratory Chemical Supplies (and other equipment)p. 874
Indexp. 875