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Summary
Summary
A stand-alone working document, Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers assists scientists and regulators in determining when stormwater runoff causes adverse effects in receiving waters. This complicated task requires an integrated assessment approach that focuses on sampling before, during, and after storms. The Handbook supplies assessment strategies, sample testing and collection methods, and includes illustrative figures and tables.
The authors introduce an innovative design that can be tailored to address a wide range of environmental concerns, such as: ecological and human health risk assessments, water quality or biological criteria exceedences, use impairment, source identification, trend analysis, determination of best management practices, stormwater quality monitoring for NPDES Phase I and II permits and applications, and total maximum daily load assessments. They provide case studies to illustrate the effectiveness of this approach and the data that can be compiled.
Containing reviews of emerging technologies that hold promise for more effective receiving water evaluations, this book gives you detailed information on selecting methods and carrying out comprehensive evaluations. It includes guidance for the experimental design measurements, as well as standard and advanced statistical methods for data evaluations. Despite the complexity of stormwater management, successful and accurate assessments of their impact are possible by following the integrated approaches described in Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers.
Table of Contents
Unit 1 The Problem of Stormwater Runoff | |
Chapter 1 Introduction | |
Overview: The Problem of Stormwater Runoff | p. 3 |
Sources of NPS Pollution | p. 4 |
Regulatory Program | p. 8 |
Applications of the Handbook | p. 10 |
References | p. 13 |
Chapter 2 Receiving Water Uses, Impairments, and Sources of Stormwater Pollutants | |
Introduction | p. 15 |
Beneficial Use Impairments | p. 22 |
Likely Causes of Receiving Water Use Impairments | p. 30 |
Major Urban Runoff Sources | p. 31 |
Summary | p. 42 |
References | p. 43 |
Chapter 3 Stressor Categories and Their Effects on Humans and Ecosystems | |
Effects of Runoff on Receiving Waters | p. 47 |
Stressor Categories and Their Effects | p. 63 |
Receiving Water Effect Summary | p. 90 |
References | p. 92 |
Unit 2 Components of the Assessment | |
Chapter 4 Overview of Assessment Problem Formulation | |
Introduction | p. 102 |
Watershed Indicators of Biological Receiving Water Problems | p. 103 |
Summary of Assessment Tools | p. 107 |
Study Design Overview | p. 107 |
Beginning the Assessment | p. 108 |
Example Outline of a Comprehensive Runoff Effect Study | p. 119 |
Case Studies of Previous Receiving Water Evaluations | p. 123 |
Summary: Typical Recommended Study Plans | p. 213 |
References | p. 218 |
Chapter 5 Sampling Effort and Collection Methods | |
Introduction | p. 224 |
Experimental Design: Sampling Number and Frequency | p. 224 |
Data Quality Objectives (DQO) and Associated QA/QC Requirements | p. 247 |
General Considerations for Sample Collection | p. 254 |
Receiving Water, Point Source Discharge, and Source Area Sampling | p. 278 |
Sediment and Pore Water Sampling | p. 313 |
Summary: Basic Sample Collection Methods | p. 336 |
References | p. 338 |
Chapter 6 Ecosystem Component Characterization | |
Overview | p. 346 |
Flow and Rainfall Monitoring | p. 349 |
Soil Evaluations | p. 388 |
Aesthetics, Litter, and Safety | p. 398 |
Habitat | p. 400 |
Water and Sediment Analytes and Methods | p. 423 |
Microorganisms in Stormwater and Urban Receiving Waters | p. 485 |
Benthos Sampling and Evaluation in Urban Streams | p. 491 |
Zooplankton Sampling | p. 502 |
Fish Sampling | p. 502 |
Toxicity and Bioaccumulation | p. 507 |
Summary | p. 546 |
References | p. 550 |
Chapter 7 Statistical Analyses of Receiving Water Data | |
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Analysis Tools and Procedures | p. 575 |
Comments on Selected Statistical Analyses Frequently Applied to Receiving Water Data | p. 582 |
Summary of Statistical Elements of Concern When Conducting a Receiving Water Investigation | p. 605 |
References | p. 606 |
Chapter 8 Data Interpretation | |
Is There a Problem? | p. 609 |
Evaluating Biological Stream Impairments Using the Weight-of-Evidence Approach | p. 611 |
Evaluating Human Health Impairments Using a Risk Assessment Approach | p. 619 |
Identifying and Prioritizing Critical Stormwater Sources | p. 626 |
Summary | p. 636 |
References | p. 637 |
Unit 3 Toolbox of Assessment Methods | |
Appendix A Habitat Characterization | |
The Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) | p. 643 |
The USEPA Habitat Assessment for the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols | p. 652 |
References | p. 662 |
Appendix B Benthic Community Assessment | |
Rapid Bioassessment Protocol: Benthic Macroinvertebrates | p. 665 |
The Ohio EPA Invertebrate Community Index Approach | p. 681 |
A Partial Listing of Agencies that Have Developed Tolerance Classifications and/or Biotic Indices | p. 687 |
References | p. 690 |
Appendix C Fish Community Assessment | |
Rapid Bioassessment Protocol V--Fish | p. 693 |
References | p. 707 |
Appendix D Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Testing | |
General Toxicity Testing Methods | p. 710 |
Methods for Conducting Long-Term Sediment Toxicity Tests with Hyalella azteca | p. 710 |
Methods for Conducting Long-Term Sediment Toxicity Tests with Chironomus tentans | p. 718 |
In Situ Testing Using Confined Organisms | p. 724 |
Toxicity Identification Evaluations | p. 729 |
Toxicity--Microtox Screening Test | p. 730 |
References | p. 733 |
Appendix E Laboratory Safety, Waste Disposal, and Chemical Analyses Methods | |
Introduction | p. 736 |
Fundamentals of Laboratory Safety | p. 737 |
Basic Rules and Procedures for Working with Chemicals | p. 738 |
Use and Storage of Chemicals in the Laboratory | p. 743 |
Procedures for Specific Classes of Hazardous Materials | p. 748 |
Emergency Procedures | p. 758 |
Chemical Waste Disposal Program | p. 760 |
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) | p. 763 |
Summary of Field Test Kits | p. 767 |
Special Comments Pertaining to Heavy Metal Analyses | p. 774 |
Stormwater Sample Extractions for EPA Methods 608 and 625 | p. 779 |
Calibration and Deployment Setup Procedure for YSI 6000upg Water Quality Monitoring Sonde | p. 782 |
References | p. 785 |
Appendix F Sampling Requirements for Paired Tests | |
Charts | p. 787 |
Appendix G Water Quality Criteria | |
Introduction | p. 798 |
EPA's Water Quality Criteria and Standards Plan--Priorities for the Future | p. 798 |
Compilation of Recommended Water Quality Criteria and EPA's Process for Deriving New and Revised Criteria | p. 799 |
Ammonia | p. 813 |
Bacteria | p. 816 |
Chloride, Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids | p. 822 |
Chromium | p. 823 |
Copper | p. 824 |
Hardness | p. 825 |
Hydrocarbons | p. 826 |
Lead | p. 827 |
Nitrate and Nitrite | p. 828 |
Phosphate | p. 830 |
pH | p. 832 |
Suspended Solids and Turbidity | p. 834 |
Zinc | p. 835 |
Sediment Guidelines | p. 836 |
References | p. 839 |
Appendix H Watershed and Receiving Water Modeling | |
Introduction | p. 843 |
Modeling Stormwater Effects and the Need for Local Data for Calibration and Verification | p. 845 |
Summary | p. 866 |
References | p. 866 |
Appendix I Glossary | p. 867 |
Appendix J Vendors of Supplies and Equipment Used in Receiving Water Monitoring | |
General Field and Laboratory Equipment | p. 871 |
Automatic Samplers | p. 872 |
Basic Field Test Kits | p. 873 |
Specialized Field Test Kits | p. 873 |
Parts and Supplies for Custom Equipment | p. 873 |
Toxicity Test Organisms | p. 874 |
Laboratory Chemical Supplies (and other equipment) | p. 874 |
Index | p. 875 |