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Summary
Summary
Fluid Phase Behavior for Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs delivers information on the role of PVT (pressure-volume-temperature) tests/data in various aspects, in particular reserve estimation, reservoir modeling, flow assurance, and enhanced oil recovery for both conventional and unconventional reservoirs.
This must-have reference also prepares engineers on the importance of PVT tests, how to evaluate the data, develop an effective management plan for flow assurance, and gain perspective of flow characterization, with a particular focus on shale oil, shale gas, gas hydrates, and tight oil making.
This book is a critical resource for today's reservoir engineer, helping them effectively manage and maximize a company's oil and gas reservoir assets.
Author Notes
Alireza Bahadori, PhD, CEng, MIChemE, CPEng, MIEAust, RPEQ, NER is a research staff member in the School of Environment, Science and Engineering at Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia, and managing director of Australian Oil and Gas Services, Pty. Ltd. He received his PhD from Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. During the past 20 years, Dr. Bahadori has held various process and petroleum engineering positions and has been involved in many large-scale oil and gas projects. His multiple books have been published by multiple major publishers, including Elsevier. He is a Chartered Engineer (CEng) and a Chartered Member of Institution of Chemical Engineers, London, United Kingdom (MIChemE); a Chartered Professional Engineer (CPEng) and a Chartered Member of Institution of Engineers Australia (MIEAust); a Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland (RPEQ); a Registered Chartered Engineer of Engineering Council of United Kingdom; and an Engineers Australia's National Engineering Register (NER).
Table of Contents
List of Contributors | p. xiii |
Biography | p. xv |
Preface | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
1 Oil and Gas Properties and Correlations | p. 1 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.2 Crude Oil Properties | p. 2 |
1.2.1 Oil Density | p. 2 |
1.2.2 Oil Gravity | p. 14 |
1.2.3 Oil Compressibility | p. 14 |
1.2.4 Oil Bubble Point Pressure | p. 17 |
1.2.5 Solution Gas Oil Ratio | p. 20 |
1.2.6 Oil Formation Volume Factor | p. 24 |
1.2.7 Oil Viscosity | p. 31 |
1.3 Gas Properties | p. 45 |
1.3.1 Gas Density | p. 45 |
1.3.2 Gas Compressibility | p. 49 |
1.3.3 Gas Formation Volume Factor | p. 50 |
1.3.4 Total Formation Volume Factor | p. 51 |
1.3.5 Gas Viscosity | p. 52 |
1.4 Interfacial Tension | p. 57 |
1.4.1 Parachor Model | p. 57 |
Problems | p. 59 |
References | p. 62 |
2 Equations of State | p. 65 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 65 |
2.2 Cubic Equation of State (EOS) | p. 66 |
2.3 Noncubic EOS | p. 83 |
2.4 Corresponding State Correlations | p. 99 |
2.5 Mixing Rules | p. 107 |
Problems | p. 113 |
References | p. 113 |
3 Plus Fraction Characterization | p. 117 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 117 |
3.2 Experimental Methods | p. 118 |
3.2.1 True Boiling Point Distillation Method | p. 118 |
3.2.2 Chromatography | p. 123 |
3.3 Splitting Methods | p. 128 |
3.3.1 Katz Method | p. 135 |
3.3.2 Pedersen Method | p. 137 |
3.3.3 Gamma Distribution Method | p. 140 |
3.4 Properties Estimation | p. 156 |
3.4.1 Watson Characterization Factor Estimation | p. 156 |
3.4.2 Boiling Point Estimation | p. 157 |
3.4.3 Critical Properties and Acentric Factor Estimation | p. 158 |
3.4.4 Molecular Weight Estimation | p. 165 |
3.4.5 Specific Gravity Estimation | p. 167 |
3.5 Recommended Plus Fraction Characterization Procedure | p. 179 |
Problems | p. 183 |
References | p. 186 |
4 Tuning Equations of State | p. 189 |
4.1 Matching the Saturation Pressure Using the Extended Groups | p. 190 |
4.2 Grouping Methods | p. 207 |
4.2.1 Whitson Method | p. 208 |
4.2.2 Pedersen et al. Method (Equal Weight Method) | p. 209 |
4.2.3 The Cotterman and Prausnitz Method (Equal Mole Method) | p. 214 |
4.2.4 Danesh et al. Method | p. 216 |
4.2.5 The Aguilar and McCain Method | p. 219 |
4.3 Composition Retrieval | p. 220 |
4.4 Assigning Properties to Multiple Carbon Number | p. 224 |
4.5 Matching the Saturation Pressure Using the Grouped Composition | p. 231 |
4.6 Volume Translation | p. 242 |
Problems | p. 244 |
References | p. 246 |
5 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Calculations | p. 249 |
5.1 An Introduction to Equilibrium | p. 249 |
5.2 Flash Calculations | p. 254 |
5.3 Methods of Finding K-Value | p. 255 |
5.3.1 Ideal Concept | p. 255 |
5.3.2 Fugacity-Derived Equilibrium Ratio (¿-¿ Approach) | p. 258 |
5.3.3 Activity-Derived Equilibrium Ratios (¿-¿ Approach) | p. 258 |
5.3.4 Correlations for Finding Equilibrium Ratio | p. 259 |
5.4 Bubble and Dew-point Calculations | p. 262 |
5.5 A Discussion on the Stability | p. 274 |
5.6 Multiphase Flash Calculations | p. 283 |
5.7 Calculation of Saturation Pressures With Stability Analysis | p. 285 |
5.8 Identifying Phases | p. 289 |
Problems | p. 289 |
References | p. 290 |
6 Fluid Sampling | p. 293 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 293 |
6.2 Sampling Method | p. 295 |
6.2.1 Subsurface Sampling | p. 295 |
6.3 Recombination | p. 299 |
6.3.1 Case 1 | p. 299 |
6.3.2 Case 2 | p. 301 |
6.3.3 Case 3 | p. 303 |
6.3.4 Case 4 | p. 305 |
6.4 PVT Tests | p. 309 |
6.4.1 Differential Test | p. 310 |
6.4.2 Swelling Test | p. 311 |
6.4.3 Separator Test | p. 312 |
6.4.4 Constant Composition Test | p. 314 |
6.4.5 Constant Volume Depletion | p. 316 |
6.4.6 Differential Liberation Test | p. 319 |
6.5 Flash Calculation | p. 321 |
Problems | p. 326 |
References | p. 331 |
7 Retrograde Gas Condensate | p. 333 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 333 |
7.2 Gas-Condensate Flow Regions | p. 335 |
7.2.1 Condensate Blockage | p. 336 |
7.2.2 Composition Change and Hydrocarbon Recovery | p. 336 |
7.3 Equations of State | p. 337 |
7.3.1 Van der Waals's Equation of State | p. 338 |
7.3.2 Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of State | p. 340 |
7.3.3 The Soave-Redlich-Kwong-Square Well Equation of State | p. 341 |
7.3.4 Peng-Robinson Equation of State | p. 342 |
7.3.5 Peng-Robinson-Gasem Equation of State | p. 343 |
7.3.6 Nasrifar and Moshfeghian (NM) Equation of State | p. 344 |
7.3.7 Schmidt and Wenzel Equation of State | p. 346 |
7.3.8 The Patel-Teja Equation of State and Modifications | p. 347 |
7.3.9 Mohsen-Nia-Modarress-Mansoori Equation of State | p. 348 |
7.3.10 Adachi-Lu-Sugie Equation of State | p. 349 |
7.4 Mixing Rules | p. 350 |
7.5 Heavy Fractions | p. 351 |
7.6 Gas Properties | p. 352 |
7.6.1 Viscosity | p. 352 |
7.6.2 Z Factor | p. 360 |
7.6.3 Density | p. 372 |
7.6.4 Formation Volume Factor | p. 376 |
7.6.5 Equilibrium Ratio | p. 376 |
7.6.6 Dew-Point Pressure | p. 381 |
Problems | p. 392 |
References | p. 399 |
8 Gas Hydrates | p. 405 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 405 |
8.2 Types and Properties of Hydrates | p. 405 |
8.3 Thermodynamic Conditions for Hydrate Formation | p. 407 |
8.3.1 Calculating Hydrate Formation Condition | p. 408 |
8.4 Hydrate Deposition | p. 429 |
8.5 Hydrate Inhibitions | p. 430 |
8.5.1 Calculating the Amount of Hydrate Inhibitors | p. 431 |
8.5.2 Calculating Inhibitor Loss in HydroLarbon Phase | p. 435 |
8.5.3 Inhibitor Injection Rates | p. 438 |
Problems | p. 438 |
References | p. 441 |
9 Characterization of Shale Gas | p. 445 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 445 |
9.2 Shale Gas Reservoir Characteristics | p. 447 |
9.3 Basic Science Behind Confinement | p. 448 |
9.3.1 Impact of Confinement on Critical Properties | p. 450 |
9.3.2 Diffusion Effect Due to Confinement | p. 455 |
9.3.3 Capillary Pressure | p. 456 |
9.3.4 Adsorption Phenomenon in Shale Reservoirs | p. 457 |
9.4 Effect of Confinement on Phase Envelope | p. 461 |
Problems | p. 474 |
References | p. 478 |
10 Characterization of Shale Oil | p. 483 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 483 |
10.2 Types of Fluids in Shale Reservoirs and Genesis of Liquid in Shale Pores | p. 487 |
10.3 Shale Pore Structure and Heterogeneity | p. 489 |
10.4 Shale Oil Extraction | p. 491 |
10.4.1 History | p. 491 |
10.4.2 Processing Principles | p. 492 |
10.4.3 Extraction Technologies | p. 493 |
10.5 Including Confinement in Thermodynamics | p. 494 |
10.5.1 Classical Thermodynamics | p. 494 |
10.5.2 Modification of Flash to Incorporate Capillary Pressure in Tight Pores | p. 500 |
10.5.3 Stability Test Using Gibbs Free Energy Approach | p. 502 |
10.5.4 Impact of Critical Property Shifts Due to Confinement on Hydrocarbon Production | p. 504 |
Problems | p. 512 |
References | p. 516 |
Index | p. 521 |