Cover image for Fluid Phase Behavior for Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Title:
Fluid Phase Behavior for Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
xix, 533 pages : illustrations, maps ; 23 cm.
ISBN:
9780128034378
Abstract:
Chapter One. Oil and Gas Properties and Correlations Chapter Two. Equations of State Chapter Three. Plus Fraction Characterization Chapter Four. Tuning Equations of State Chapter Five. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Calculations Chapter Six. Fluid Sampling Chapter Seven. Retrograde Gas Condensate Chapter Eight. Gas Hydrates Chapter Nine. Characterization of Shale Gas Chapter Ten. Characterization of Shale Oil

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30000010342658 TN871 B34 2017 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Fluid Phase Behavior for Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs delivers information on the role of PVT (pressure-volume-temperature) tests/data in various aspects, in particular reserve estimation, reservoir modeling, flow assurance, and enhanced oil recovery for both conventional and unconventional reservoirs.

This must-have reference also prepares engineers on the importance of PVT tests, how to evaluate the data, develop an effective management plan for flow assurance, and gain perspective of flow characterization, with a particular focus on shale oil, shale gas, gas hydrates, and tight oil making.

This book is a critical resource for today's reservoir engineer, helping them effectively manage and maximize a company's oil and gas reservoir assets.


Author Notes

Alireza Bahadori, PhD, CEng, MIChemE, CPEng, MIEAust, RPEQ, NER is a research staff member in the School of Environment, Science and Engineering at Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia, and managing director of Australian Oil and Gas Services, Pty. Ltd. He received his PhD from Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. During the past 20 years, Dr. Bahadori has held various process and petroleum engineering positions and has been involved in many large-scale oil and gas projects. His multiple books have been published by multiple major publishers, including Elsevier. He is a Chartered Engineer (CEng) and a Chartered Member of Institution of Chemical Engineers, London, United Kingdom (MIChemE); a Chartered Professional Engineer (CPEng) and a Chartered Member of Institution of Engineers Australia (MIEAust); a Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland (RPEQ); a Registered Chartered Engineer of Engineering Council of United Kingdom; and an Engineers Australia's National Engineering Register (NER).


Table of Contents

E. Mahdavi and M. Suleymani and N. RahmanianM. Mesbah and A. BahadoriM. Mesbah and A. BahadoriM. Mesbah and A. BahadonE. Soroush and A. BahadoriM.A. Ahmadi and A. BahadoriM.A. Ahmadi and A. BahadoriM.A. Ahmadi and A. BahadoriM.A. Ahmadi and A. BahadoriM.A. Ahmadi and A. Bahadori
List of Contributorsp. xiii
Biographyp. xv
Prefacep. xvii
Acknowledgmentsp. xix
1 Oil and Gas Properties and Correlationsp. 1
1.1 Introductionp. 1
1.2 Crude Oil Propertiesp. 2
1.2.1 Oil Densityp. 2
1.2.2 Oil Gravityp. 14
1.2.3 Oil Compressibilityp. 14
1.2.4 Oil Bubble Point Pressurep. 17
1.2.5 Solution Gas Oil Ratiop. 20
1.2.6 Oil Formation Volume Factorp. 24
1.2.7 Oil Viscosityp. 31
1.3 Gas Propertiesp. 45
1.3.1 Gas Densityp. 45
1.3.2 Gas Compressibilityp. 49
1.3.3 Gas Formation Volume Factorp. 50
1.3.4 Total Formation Volume Factorp. 51
1.3.5 Gas Viscosityp. 52
1.4 Interfacial Tensionp. 57
1.4.1 Parachor Modelp. 57
Problemsp. 59
Referencesp. 62
2 Equations of Statep. 65
2.1 Introductionp. 65
2.2 Cubic Equation of State (EOS)p. 66
2.3 Noncubic EOSp. 83
2.4 Corresponding State Correlationsp. 99
2.5 Mixing Rulesp. 107
Problemsp. 113
Referencesp. 113
3 Plus Fraction Characterizationp. 117
3.1 Introductionp. 117
3.2 Experimental Methodsp. 118
3.2.1 True Boiling Point Distillation Methodp. 118
3.2.2 Chromatographyp. 123
3.3 Splitting Methodsp. 128
3.3.1 Katz Methodp. 135
3.3.2 Pedersen Methodp. 137
3.3.3 Gamma Distribution Methodp. 140
3.4 Properties Estimationp. 156
3.4.1 Watson Characterization Factor Estimationp. 156
3.4.2 Boiling Point Estimationp. 157
3.4.3 Critical Properties and Acentric Factor Estimationp. 158
3.4.4 Molecular Weight Estimationp. 165
3.4.5 Specific Gravity Estimationp. 167
3.5 Recommended Plus Fraction Characterization Procedurep. 179
Problemsp. 183
Referencesp. 186
4 Tuning Equations of Statep. 189
4.1 Matching the Saturation Pressure Using the Extended Groupsp. 190
4.2 Grouping Methodsp. 207
4.2.1 Whitson Methodp. 208
4.2.2 Pedersen et al. Method (Equal Weight Method)p. 209
4.2.3 The Cotterman and Prausnitz Method (Equal Mole Method)p. 214
4.2.4 Danesh et al. Methodp. 216
4.2.5 The Aguilar and McCain Methodp. 219
4.3 Composition Retrievalp. 220
4.4 Assigning Properties to Multiple Carbon Numberp. 224
4.5 Matching the Saturation Pressure Using the Grouped Compositionp. 231
4.6 Volume Translationp. 242
Problemsp. 244
Referencesp. 246
5 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Calculationsp. 249
5.1 An Introduction to Equilibriump. 249
5.2 Flash Calculationsp. 254
5.3 Methods of Finding K-Valuep. 255
5.3.1 Ideal Conceptp. 255
5.3.2 Fugacity-Derived Equilibrium Ratio (¿-¿ Approach)p. 258
5.3.3 Activity-Derived Equilibrium Ratios (¿-¿ Approach)p. 258
5.3.4 Correlations for Finding Equilibrium Ratiop. 259
5.4 Bubble and Dew-point Calculationsp. 262
5.5 A Discussion on the Stabilityp. 274
5.6 Multiphase Flash Calculationsp. 283
5.7 Calculation of Saturation Pressures With Stability Analysisp. 285
5.8 Identifying Phasesp. 289
Problemsp. 289
Referencesp. 290
6 Fluid Samplingp. 293
6.1 Introductionp. 293
6.2 Sampling Methodp. 295
6.2.1 Subsurface Samplingp. 295
6.3 Recombinationp. 299
6.3.1 Case 1p. 299
6.3.2 Case 2p. 301
6.3.3 Case 3p. 303
6.3.4 Case 4p. 305
6.4 PVT Testsp. 309
6.4.1 Differential Testp. 310
6.4.2 Swelling Testp. 311
6.4.3 Separator Testp. 312
6.4.4 Constant Composition Testp. 314
6.4.5 Constant Volume Depletionp. 316
6.4.6 Differential Liberation Testp. 319
6.5 Flash Calculationp. 321
Problemsp. 326
Referencesp. 331
7 Retrograde Gas Condensatep. 333
7.1 Introductionp. 333
7.2 Gas-Condensate Flow Regionsp. 335
7.2.1 Condensate Blockagep. 336
7.2.2 Composition Change and Hydrocarbon Recoveryp. 336
7.3 Equations of Statep. 337
7.3.1 Van der Waals's Equation of Statep. 338
7.3.2 Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of Statep. 340
7.3.3 The Soave-Redlich-Kwong-Square Well Equation of Statep. 341
7.3.4 Peng-Robinson Equation of Statep. 342
7.3.5 Peng-Robinson-Gasem Equation of Statep. 343
7.3.6 Nasrifar and Moshfeghian (NM) Equation of Statep. 344
7.3.7 Schmidt and Wenzel Equation of Statep. 346
7.3.8 The Patel-Teja Equation of State and Modificationsp. 347
7.3.9 Mohsen-Nia-Modarress-Mansoori Equation of Statep. 348
7.3.10 Adachi-Lu-Sugie Equation of Statep. 349
7.4 Mixing Rulesp. 350
7.5 Heavy Fractionsp. 351
7.6 Gas Propertiesp. 352
7.6.1 Viscosityp. 352
7.6.2 Z Factorp. 360
7.6.3 Densityp. 372
7.6.4 Formation Volume Factorp. 376
7.6.5 Equilibrium Ratiop. 376
7.6.6 Dew-Point Pressurep. 381
Problemsp. 392
Referencesp. 399
8 Gas Hydratesp. 405
8.1 Introductionp. 405
8.2 Types and Properties of Hydratesp. 405
8.3 Thermodynamic Conditions for Hydrate Formationp. 407
8.3.1 Calculating Hydrate Formation Conditionp. 408
8.4 Hydrate Depositionp. 429
8.5 Hydrate Inhibitionsp. 430
8.5.1 Calculating the Amount of Hydrate Inhibitorsp. 431
8.5.2 Calculating Inhibitor Loss in HydroLarbon Phasep. 435
8.5.3 Inhibitor Injection Ratesp. 438
Problemsp. 438
Referencesp. 441
9 Characterization of Shale Gasp. 445
9.1 Introductionp. 445
9.2 Shale Gas Reservoir Characteristicsp. 447
9.3 Basic Science Behind Confinementp. 448
9.3.1 Impact of Confinement on Critical Propertiesp. 450
9.3.2 Diffusion Effect Due to Confinementp. 455
9.3.3 Capillary Pressurep. 456
9.3.4 Adsorption Phenomenon in Shale Reservoirsp. 457
9.4 Effect of Confinement on Phase Envelopep. 461
Problemsp. 474
Referencesp. 478
10 Characterization of Shale Oilp. 483
10.1 Introductionp. 483
10.2 Types of Fluids in Shale Reservoirs and Genesis of Liquid in Shale Poresp. 487
10.3 Shale Pore Structure and Heterogeneityp. 489
10.4 Shale Oil Extractionp. 491
10.4.1 Historyp. 491
10.4.2 Processing Principlesp. 492
10.4.3 Extraction Technologiesp. 493
10.5 Including Confinement in Thermodynamicsp. 494
10.5.1 Classical Thermodynamicsp. 494
10.5.2 Modification of Flash to Incorporate Capillary Pressure in Tight Poresp. 500
10.5.3 Stability Test Using Gibbs Free Energy Approachp. 502
10.5.4 Impact of Critical Property Shifts Due to Confinement on Hydrocarbon Productionp. 504
Problemsp. 512
Referencesp. 516
Indexp. 521