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Summary
Summary
A comprehensive review of the latest fingerprint development and imaging techniques
With contributions from leading experts in the field, Fingerprint Development Techniques offers a comprehensive review of the key techniques used in the development and imaging of fingerprints. It includes a review of the properties of fingerprints, the surfaces that fingerprints are deposited on, and the interactions that can occur between fingerprints, surfaces and environments. Comprehensive in scope, the text explores the history of each process, the theory behind the way fingerprints are either developed or imaged, and information about the role of each of the chemical constituents in recommended formulations.
The authors explain the methodology employed for carrying out comparisons of effectiveness of various development techniques that clearly demonstrate how to select the most effective approaches. The text also explores how techniques can be used in sequence and with techniques for recovering other forms of forensic evidence. In addition, the book offers a guide for the selection of fingerprint development techniques and includes information on the influence of surface contamination and exposure conditions.
This important resource:
Provides clear methodologies for conducting comparisons of fingerprint development technique effectiveness Contains in-depth assessment of fingerprint constituents and how they are utilized by development and imaging processes Includes background information on fingerprint chemistry Offers a comprehensive history, the theory, and the applications for a broader range of processes, including the roles of each constituent in reagent formulationsFingerprint Development Techniques offers a comprehensive guide to fingerprint development and imaging, building on much of the previously unpublished research of the Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology.
Author Notes
Stephen M. Bleay, PhD, Senior Technical Specialist, Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology. Stephen has worked at the Home Office since 2003, his work focusing on processes for the visualisation and imaging of fingermarks. He is one of the principal authors of the Home Office Fingermark Visualisation Manual and has contributed to over 40 peer-reviewed articles on fingerprints and related forensic science subjects.
Ruth S. Groxton, PhD, Principal Lecturer, University of Lincoln. Ruth has worked at the University of Lincoln since 2002 and is programme leader for the BSc (Hons) Forensic Science degree. Her main research areas are latent fingermark composition and the development of new methods to study them, contributing to a number of peer-reviewed articles in this area.
Marcel de Puit, PhD, Senior Scientist, Netherlands Forensic Institute and Associate Professor, Delft University of Technology. Marcel started as a forensic scientist at the NFI in 2007. His main interest is the analysis of fingerprints with the purpose of providing information in other forensic disciplines. He has published over 20 scientific articles on fingerprints and related matter.
Table of Contents
Series Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
1 Introduction | p. 1 |
References | p. 10 |
2 Formation of fingermarks | p. 11 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 11 |
2.2 Initial contact | p. 12 |
2.3 Interaction outcomes | p. 13 |
2.4 The finger | p. 17 |
2.5 The surface | p. 24 |
2.6 Removal of the finger from the surface | p. 30 |
2.7 Summary of the initial contact | p. 32 |
References | p. 33 |
3 Composition and properties of fingermarks | p. 35 |
3.1 Chemical composition of fingermarks | p. 35 |
3.2 Biological properties of fingermarks | p. 55 |
3.3 Physical properties of fingermarks | p. 57 |
References | p. 62 |
4 Ageing of fingermarks | p. 69 |
4.1 The 'triangle of interaction' | p. 69 |
4.2 The fingermark | p. 70 |
4.3 The surface | p. 70 |
4.4 The environment | p. 78 |
4.5 Interactions | p. 81 |
4.6 Time | p. 94 |
References | p. 96 |
5 Initial examination and the selection of fingermark enhancement processes | p. 99 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 99 |
5.2 Processing options | p. 100 |
5.3 Process selection | p. 103 |
5.4 The processing environment | p. 105 |
References | p. 109 |
6 Optical detection and enhancement techniques | p. 111 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 111 |
6.2 Current operational use | p. 116 |
6.3 Visual examination | p. 117 |
6.4 Fluorescence examination | p. 125 |
6.5 Ultraviolet reflection | p. 138 |
6.6 Infrared reflection | p. 141 |
6.7 Colour filtration and monochromatic illumination | p. 144 |
6.8 Multispectral imaging | p. 149 |
References | p. 151 |
Further reading | p. 153 |
7 Vapour phase techniques | p. 155 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 155 |
7.2 Current operational use | p. 156 |
7.3 Superglue/cyanoacrylate fuming | p. 158 |
7.4 Vacuum metal deposition | p. 172 |
7.5 Iodine fuming | p. 181 |
7.6 Radioactive sulphur dioxide | p. 185 |
7.7 Other fuming techniques | p. 189 |
References | p. 193 |
Further reading | p. 196 |
8 Solid phase selective deposition techniques | p. 199 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 199 |
8.2 Current operational use | p. 200 |
8.3 Powders | p. 201 |
8.4 ESDA | p. 213 |
8.5 Nanoparticle powders | p. 216 |
References | p. 219 |
9 Amino acid reagents | p. 221 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 221 |
9.2 Current operational use | p. 223 |
9.3 Ninhydrin | p. 224 |
9.4 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one | p. 231 |
9.5 1,2-lndandione | p. 237 |
9.6 Ninhydrin analogues | p. 242 |
9.7 Fluorescamine | p. 246 |
9.8 o-Phthalaldehyde | p. 250 |
9.9 Genipin | p. 252 |
9.10 Lawsone | p. 256 |
9.11 Alloxan | p. 259 |
9.12 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofuran chloride | p. 260 |
9.13 Dansyl chloride | p. 262 |
9.14 Dimethylaminoeinnemaldehyde and dimethylaminobenzaldehyde | p. 263 |
References | p. 268 |
Further reading | p. 272 |
10 Reagents for other eccrine constituents | p. 275 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 275 |
10.2 Current operational use | p. 276 |
10.3 4-Dimethylaminocinnamaldebyde | p. 277 |
10.4 Silver nitrate | p. 279 |
References | p. 281 |
Further reading | p. 282 |
11 Lipid reagents | p. 283 |
11.1 Introduction | p. 283 |
11.2 Current operational use | p. 285 |
11.3 Solvent Black 3 (Sudan Black) | p. 286 |
11.4 Basic Violet 3 (Gentian Violet, Crystal Violet) | p. 290 |
11.5 Oil Red O (Solvent Red 27) | p. 295 |
11.6 Iodine solution | p. 297 |
11.7 Ruthenium tetroxide | p. 299 |
11.8 Osmium tetroxide | p. 301 |
11.9 Europium chelate | p. 302 |
11.10 Natural Yellow 3 (curcumin) | p. 305 |
11.11 Nile Red and Nile Blue A | p. 308 |
11.12 Basic Violet 2 | p. 311 |
11.13 Rubeanic acid-copper acetate | p. 313 |
11.14 Phosphomolybdic acid | p. 315 |
References | p. 317 |
Further reading | p. 320 |
12 Liquid phase selective deposition techniques | p. 321 |
12.1 Introduction | p. 321 |
12.2 Current operational use | p. 323 |
12.3 Small particle reagent | p. 326 |
12.4 Powder suspensions | p. 330 |
12.5 Physical developer | p. 336 |
12.6 Multi-metal deposition | p. 345 |
References | p. 352 |
Further reading | p. 355 |
13 Enhancement processes for marks in blood | p. 357 |
13.1 Introduction | p. 357 |
13.2 Current operational use | p. 361 |
13.3 Protein stains | p. 363 |
13.4 Peroxidase reagents | p. 369 |
References | p. 380 |
Further reading | p. 381 |
14 Electrical and electrochemical processes | p. 383 |
14.1 Introduction | p. 383 |
14.2 Current operational use | p. 385 |
14.3 Etching | p. 386 |
14.4 Corrosion visualisation | p. 388 |
14.5 Electrodeposition | p. 392 |
References | p. 397 |
Further reading | p. 399 |
15 Miscellaneous processes: lifting and specialist imaging | p. 401 |
15.1 Introduction | p. 401 |
15.2 Current operational use | p. 403 |
15.3 Lifting | p. 404 |
15.4 Scanning electron microscopy | p. 407 |
15.5 X-ray fluorescence (and X-ray imaging) | p. 410 |
15.6 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) | p. 413 |
15.7 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) | p. 414 |
15.8 Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) | p. 415 |
References | p. 417 |
Further reading | p. 419 |
16 Evaluation and comparison of fingermark enhancement processes | p. 421 |
16.1 Introduction | p. 421 |
16.2 Technology Readiness Level 3: Proof of concept | p. 423 |
16.3 Technology Readiness Level 4: Process optimisation | p. 425 |
16.4 Technology Readiness Level 5: Laboratory trials | p. 427 |
16.5 Technology Readiness Level 6: Pseudo-operational trials | p. 437 |
16.6 Technology Readiness Level 7: Operational trials | p. 439 |
16.7 Technology Readiness Level 8: Standard operating procedures | p. 439 |
16.8 Technology Readiness Level 9: Ongoing monitoring | p. 440 |
References | p. 440 |
17 Sequential processing and impact on other forensic evidence | p. 443 |
17.1 Sequential processing of fingermarks | p. 443 |
17.2 Test methodologies for developing processing sequences | p. 449 |
17.3 Integrated sequential forensic processing | p. 453 |
References | p. 466 |
18 Interpreting the results of fingermark enhancement | p. 469 |
18.1 Introduction | p. 469 |
18.2 Location of the mark | p. 471 |
18.3 Type of substrate | p. 473 |
18.4 Constituents of the mark | p. 478 |
18.5 Enhancement process | p. 480 |
18.6 The environment | p. 482 |
18.7 Image processing | p. 483 |
18.8 Image capture | p. 484 |
References | p. 487 |
Index | p. 489 |