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Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
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Searching... | 30000010029723 | TA357.5.M43 L38 2003 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
Providing the first comprehensive treatment, this book covers all aspects of the laser Doppler and phase Doppler measurement techniques, including light scattering from small particles, fundamental optics, system design, signal and data processing, tracer particle generation, and applications in single and two-phase flows. The book is intended as both a reference book for more experienced users as well as an instructional book for students. It provides ample material as a basis for a lecture course on the subject and represents one of the most comprehensive treatments of the phase Doppler technique to date. The book will serve as a valuable reference book in any fluid mechanics laboratory where the laser Doppler or phase Doppler techniques are used. This work reflects the authors' long practical experience in the development of the techniques and equipment, as the many examples confirm.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 Historical Perspective | p. 1 |
1.2 Use of the Book | p. 3 |
Part I Fundamentals | |
2 Basic Measurement Principles | p. 9 |
2.1 Laser Doppler Technique | p. 12 |
2.2 Phase Doppler Technique | p. 23 |
2.3 Time-Shift Technique | p. 25 |
3 Fundamentals of Light Propagation and Optics | p. 27 |
3.1 Electromagnetic Waves | p. 27 |
3.1.1 Description of Electromagnetic Waves | p. 27 |
3.1.2 Polarization | p. 33 |
3.1.3 Boundary Conditions and Fresnel Coefficients | p. 35 |
3.1.4 Laser Beams | p. 37 |
3.1.5 Optical Mixing of Electromagnetic Waves | p. 44 |
3.1.6 The Doppler Effect | p. 45 |
3.2 Optical Components | p. 47 |
3.2.1 Matrix Transformation for Imaging | p. 47 |
3.2.2 Propagation of Laser Beams Through Lenses and Apertures | p. 53 |
3.2.3 Optical Gratings and Bragg Cells | p. 56 |
3.2.4 Optical Fibers | p. 65 |
3.2.5 Photodetectors | p. 70 |
4 Light Scattering from Small Particles | p. 79 |
4.1 Scattering of a Plane Wave | p. 81 |
4.1.1 Description using Geometrical Optics (GO) | p. 85 |
4.1.2 Description using Lorenz-Mie Theory and Debye Series | p. 96 |
4.1.3 Scattering Characteristics for a Plane Wave | p. 100 |
4.2 Scattering of an Inhomogeneous Field | p. 127 |
4.2.1 Extension to the Method of Geometrical Optics (EGO) | p. 128 |
4.2.2 Description using Fourier Lorenz-Mie Theory (FLMT) | p. 134 |
4.2.3 Scattering Characteristics of an Inhomogeneous Field | p. 146 |
4.3 Characteristic Quantities of Light Scattered by Small Particles | p. 162 |
Part II Measurement Principles | |
5 Signal Generation in Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler Systems | p. 169 |
5.1 The Signal From an Arbitrarily Positioned Detector | p. 169 |
5.1.1 Fundamental Relations | p. 172 |
5.1.2 Signals from very Small Particles | p. 177 |
5.1.3 Signals from Large Particles | p. 199 |
5.1.4 Visibility of the Signal | p. 214 |
5.1.5 Shift Frequency Influence | p. 219 |
5.1.6 Measurement and Detection Volumes | p. 221 |
5.1.7 Statistical Time Series of Particle Signals | p. 227 |
5.2 Laser Doppler Technique | p. 231 |
5.2.1 Dual-Beam Configuration | p. 232 |
5.2.2 Reference-Beam Configuration | p. 233 |
5.3 Particle Sizing with Phase Doppler and Time-Shift Technique | p. 244 |
5.3.1 Determination of Incident and Glare Point Positions | p. 247 |
5.3.2 Phase Doppler Technique | p. 250 |
5.3.3 Reference Phase Doppler Technique | p. 254 |
5.3.4 Time-Shift Technique | p. 259 |
5.4 Refractive Index Determination | p. 266 |
5.5 Moiré Models | p. 267 |
6 Signal Detection, Processing and Validation | p. 273 |
6.1 Review of Some Fundamentals | p. 275 |
6.1.1 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) | p. 276 |
6.1.2 Correlation Function | p. 281 |
6.1.3 Hilbert Transform | p. 283 |
6.1.4 Signal Noise | p. 287 |
6.1.5 Cramèr-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) | p. 290 |
6.2 Signal Detection | p. 300 |
6.3 Estimation of the Doppler Frequency | p. 305 |
6.3.1 Spectral Analysis | p. 307 |
6.3.2 Correlation Techniques | p. 311 |
6.3.3 Period Timing Devices | p. 313 |
6.3.4 Quadrature Demodulation | p. 315 |
6.4 Determination of Signal Phase | p. 317 |
6.4.1 Cross-Spectral Density | p. 317 |
6.4.2 Covariance Methods | p. 321 |
6.4.3 Quadrature Methods | p. 322 |
6.5 Model-Based Signal Processing | p. 323 |
6.5.1 Fundamentals | p. 323 |
6.5.2 Example Applications | p. 324 |
7 Laser Doppler Systems | p. 337 |
7.1 Input Parameters from the Flow and Test Rig | p. 338 |
7.1.1 Description of the Flow Field | p. 338 |
7.1.2 Necessary Spatial and Temporal Resolution | p. 351 |
7.1.3 Flow and Flow-Rig Parameters | p. 358 |
7.2 Components and Layout of the Transmitting Optics | p. 363 |
7.2.1 Collimators | p. 363 |
7.2.2 Beamsplitters and Polarizers | p. 369 |
7.2.3 Methods for Achieving Directional Sensitivity | p. 371 |
7.2.4 Generation of the Measurement Volume | p. 377 |
7.3 Layout of Receiving Optics | p. 383 |
7.4 System Description | p. 389 |
7.4.1 One-Velocity Component Systems | p. 389 |
7.4.2 Two-Velocity Component Systems | p. 392 |
7.4.3 Three-Velocity Component Systems | p. 396 |
7.4.4 Multi-Point Systems | p. 401 |
7.5 Laser Transit Velocimetry | p. 405 |
8 Phase Doppler Systems | p. 409 |
8.1 Selection of the Optical Configuration | p. 411 |
8.2 Single-Point Phase Doppler Systems | p. 417 |
8.2.1 Three-detector, Standard Phase Doppler System | p. 417 |
8.2.2 Planar Phase Doppler System | p. 425 |
8.2.3 Dual-Mode Phase Doppler | p. 430 |
8.2.4 Dual-Burst Technique | p. 436 |
8.2.5 Extended Phase Doppler Technique | p. 446 |
8.2.6 Reference Phase Doppler Technique | p. 449 |
8.3 Further Design Considerations for Phase Doppler Systems | p. 454 |
8.3.1 Influence of the Gaussian Beam | p. 454 |
8.3.2 Slit Effect | p. 466 |
8.3.3 Non-Spherical and Inhomogeneous Particles | p. 467 |
8.4 Multi-Dimensional Sizing Techniques | p. 470 |
8.4.1 Interferometric Particle Imaging (IPI) | p. 470 |
8.4.2 Global Phase Doppler (GPD) Technique | p. 478 |
8.4.3 Concentration Limits | p. 481 |
9 Further Particle Sizing Methods Based on the Laser Doppler Technique | p. 491 |
9.1 Techniques B ased o n Signal Amplitude | p. 491 |
9.1.1 Cross-sectional Area Difference Technique | p. 491 |
9.1.2 Combined Laser Doppler and White Light Sizer | p. 500 |
9.2 Time-Shift Technique | p. 501 |
9.2.1 Time-Shift Technique in Forward Scatter | p. 504 |
9.2.2 Time-Shift Technique in Backscatter | p. 506 |
9.3 Rainbow Refractometry | p. 517 |
9.4 Shadow Doppler Technique | p. 523 |
Part III Data Processing | |
10 Fundamentals of Data Processing | p. 529 |
10.1 Statistical Principles | p. 529 |
10.2 Stationary Random Processes | p. 533 |
10.3 Estimator Expectation and Variance | p. 535 |
10.3.1 Estimators for the Mean | p. 535 |
10.3.2 Estimators for Higher Order Correlations | p. 539 |
10.3.3 Estimators for Transient Processes | p. 542 |
10.4 Propagation of Errors | p. 543 |
11 Processing of Laser Doppler Data | p. 545 |
11.1 Estimation of Moments | p. 547 |
11.2 Estimation of Turbulent Velocity Spectra | p. 552 |
11.2.1 The Slotting Technique | p. 554 |
11.2.2 Reconstruction with FFT | p. 558 |
11.2.3 Post-Processing Steps | p. 561 |
11.3 Correlation Estimates from Multi-Point Systems | p. 563 |
11.4 Measurements in Transient Processes | p. 566 |
11.4.1 Effect of Window Size on Phase and Ensemble Statistics | p. 567 |
11.4.2 Energy Partitioning in Transient Flows | p. 568 |
11.5 Data Simulation | p. 569 |
12 Processing of Phase Doppler Data | p. 573 |
12.1 Validation Procedures | p. 573 |
12.1.1 SNR Validation | p. 573 |
12.1.2 Phase Difference Validation | p. 574 |
12.1.3 Sphericity Validation | p. 574 |
12.1.4 Amplitude Validation | p. 574 |
12.1.5 Transit Time Validation | p. 575 |
12.2 Particle Statistics | p. 576 |
12.2.1 Flux Density Vectors and Concentration | p. 576 |
12.2.2 Distribution of Particles | p. 579 |
12.2.3 Geometry of the Detection Volume | p. 582 |
12.2.4 Estimation of the Number of Particles | p. 590 |
12.2.5 Summary and Examples | p. 591 |
12.3 Post-Processing of Phase Doppler Data | p. 595 |
12.3.1 Particle Size Distributions | p. 595 |
12.3.2 Mean Diameters | p. 598 |
12.3.3 Non-Spherical and Inhomogeneous Particles | p. 599 |
Part IV Application Issues | |
13 Choice of Particles and Particle Generation | p. 605 |
13.1 Particle Motion in Flows | p. 606 |
13.2 Particle Generation | p. 613 |
13.2.1 Droplet Generation | p. 614 |
13.2.2 Solid Particle Generation | p. 619 |
13.3 Introducing Particles into the Flow | p. 621 |
13.3.1 Liquid Flows | p. 622 |
13.3.2 Gas Flows | p. 622 |
13.3.3 Two-Phase Flows | p. 623 |
13.3.4 Natural Seeding | p. 624 |
14 System Design Considerations | p. 627 |
14.1 System Design Guidelines | p. 627 |
14.1.1 Laser Doppler Systems | p. 628 |
14.1.2 Phase Doppler Systems | p. 635 |
14.1.3 Alignment and Adjustment | p. 638 |
14.2 System Design Examples | p. 642 |
14.2.1 Velocity Measurements in a Narrow Channel Flow | p. 642 |
14.2.2 Drop Size Measurements in a Diesel Injector Spray | p. 647 |
14.3 Refractive Index Matching | p. 655 |
14.3.1 Matching with Flow Containment | p. 655 |
14.3.2 Matching for Variable Density | p. 660 |
Appendix | p. 661 |
List of Symbols and Acronyms | p. 662 |
Derivation of Equations Describing a Laser Beam | p. 681 |
Internal and Near Field Solution | p. 686 |
Bibliography | p. 689 |
References | p. 690 |
Books (or parts thereof) on the Laser or Phase Doppler Techniques | p. 718 |
Periodicals Dealing with the Laser or Phase Doppler Techniques | p. 719 |
Conference Series devoted to Laser or Phase Doppler Techniques | p. 720 |
Index | p. 723 |