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Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
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Searching... | 30000010172652 | TP754 Z48 2007 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
The first book to present a detailed analysis of the electrochemistry, development, modeling, optimization, testing, and technology behind modern zirconia-based sensors, Electrochemistry of Zirconia Gas Sensors explores how to tailor these sensors to meet specific industrial needs. The book addresses a range of different stages of development in zirconia-based sensors for gaseous and molten metal environments, focusing on an accessible form from analysis of interaction at the measuring environment-zirconia sensor interface to reliability testing of the sensors.
The coverage highlights different fundamental aspects of electrochemistry and physical chemistry of zirconia, mathematical modeling, optimization parameters, and structures of the electrode materials. The author highlights the factors that determine high sensitivity, critically reviews the limitations of current technologies, and surveys the needs and possibilities of future developments. He covers technologies for vacuum-tight joining zirconia to ceramic insulators and sensor construction materials as well as sensor design and concepts of the total-NOx sensor based on mixed potential. The book includes a critical overview of existing technologies of zirconia gas sensors including nanotechnology.
This book fills the gap between pure academic research of the zirconia-based gas sensors, explaining the influence of the double electrical layer on the sensor output signal and the applied, technological, down-to-earth approaches adopted by the vast majority of the industrial companies working in this field. Providing guidance on how to organize a testing program of gas sensors, the book allows readers to look forward in evaluating future trends in the zirconia gas sensors development.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
About the Author | p. xv |
Chapter 1 Introduction to Electrochemistry of Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensors | p. 1 |
1.1 Electrochemistry of Zirconia Solid Electrolytes as the Basis for Understanding Electrochemical Gas Sensors | p. 1 |
1.1.1 Solid Oxygen-Ionic Electrolytes | p. 1 |
1.1.2 Transport Properties | p. 4 |
1.2 Electrophysical Properties of Solid Electrolytes | p. 6 |
1.3 Aging of Solid Electrolytes | p. 11 |
1.3.1 Single-Phase Solid Electrolytes | p. 12 |
1.3.2 Two-Phase Solid Electrolytes | p. 14 |
1.4 An Electron Model of Solid Oxygen-Ionic Electrolytes Used in Gas Sensors | p. 15 |
1.5 Electrode Processes in Solid Electrolyte Sensors | p. 30 |
1.5.1 Electrode Reaction within the Triple-Phase Boundary | p. 30 |
1.5.2 Diffusion of Oxygen Atoms | p. 33 |
1.5.3 Role of the Electric Double Layer in Electrode Reactions | p. 36 |
1.5.3.1 Helmholtz Double Layer | p. 36 |
1.5.3.2 Gouy-Chapman Double Layer | p. 37 |
1.5.3.3 Stern Modification of the Diffuse Double Layer | p. 38 |
References | p. 39 |
Chapter 2 Mathematical Modeling of Zirconia Gas Sensors with Distributed Parameters | p. 43 |
2.1 Complete Mathematical Model of Electrochemical Gas Sensors | p. 43 |
2.2 Modeling Interactions of Oxygen with the Zirconia Sensor | p. 50 |
2.3 Modeling Interactions of Various Gases with Non-Nernstian Zirconia Sensors | p. 60 |
2.3.1 Description of Non-Nernstian Behavior | p. 60 |
2.3.2 Non-Nernstian Zirconia-Based N[subscript x] Sensors | p. 62 |
2.3.3 Mathematical Formulation of Zirconia-Based NO[subscript x] Sensors | p. 64 |
2.4 Numerical Mathematical Models of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 71 |
2.5 Identification Parameters of Mathematical Models | p. 80 |
2.6 Verification Adequacy of Mathematical Models to Real Gas Sensors | p. 83 |
2.7 Nomenclature | p. 87 |
2.7.1 Subscripts | p. 88 |
References | p. 89 |
Chapter 3 Metrological Characteristics of Non-Nernstian Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 93 |
3.1 Non-Nernstian Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 93 |
3.1.1 Mixed-Potential NO[subscript x] Sensors | p. 93 |
3.1.1.1 Description of Nernstian Behavior | p. 97 |
3.1.1.2 Mixed-Potential Gas Sensors | p. 98 |
3.1.1.3 Concepts of the Total-NO[subscript x] Sensor Based on Mixed Potential | p. 101 |
3.1.1.4 Development of the NO[subscript x] Sensor's Design | p. 104 |
3.1.2 Mixed-Potential Hydrocarbon Sensors | p. 115 |
3.1.3 Impedance-Based Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 119 |
3.2 Future Trends | p. 125 |
References | p. 128 |
Chapter 4 Zirconia Sensors for Measurement of Gas Concentration in Molten Metals | p. 135 |
4.1 Zirconia Sensors for the Measurement of Oxygen Activity in Melts | p. 135 |
4.1.1 Polycrystalline Zirconia Sensors | p. 135 |
4.1.2 Pe' Parameter Measurements and Sensing Properties | p. 138 |
4.1.3 Single-Crystal Zirconia Sensors | p. 143 |
4.1.4 Zirconia Sensors Based on Shaped Eutectic Composites | p. 154 |
4.2 Impedance Method for the Analysis of In-Situ Diagnostics and the Control of an Electrolyte/Liquid-Metal Electrode Interface | p. 161 |
4.2.1 Galvano-Harmonic Method | p. 163 |
4.2.2 Impulse Galvanic-Static Method | p. 170 |
4.3 Measuring Oxygen Concentration in Lead-Bismuth Heat Carriers | p. 175 |
4.4 Regulation of Oxygen Partial Pressure in Melts by Zirconia Pumps | p. 176 |
4.4.1 Characteristics of Lamellar Oxygen Pumps | p. 176 |
4.4.1.1 Potentiometric Mode of the Oxygen Pump | p. 177 |
4.4.1.2 Galvano-Static Mode of the Oxygen Pump | p. 186 |
4.4.2 Characteristics of Cylindrical Oxygen Pumps | p. 188 |
4.4.2.1 Potentiometric Mode | p. 188 |
4.4.2.2 Galvano-Static Mode | p. 191 |
References | p. 192 |
Chapter 5 Manufacturing Technologies of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 197 |
5.1 Vacuum-Tight Technologies of Joining Zirconia to Ceramic Insulators | p. 197 |
5.2 Vacuum-Tight Technologies of Joining Zirconia to Sensor Construction Materials | p. 207 |
5.3 Nanotechnologies for Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 213 |
5.4 Limitations of Existing Technologies and Future Trends | p. 218 |
References | p. 222 |
Chapter 6 Errors of Measurement of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 227 |
6.1 Bases of Errors Theory in Relation to Electrochemical Gas Sensors | p. 227 |
6.2 Analysis of Systematic Errors of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 232 |
6.3 Analysis of the Main Components of Errors of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 234 |
6.3.1 Error Stipulated by the Reference Pressure Instability | p. 239 |
6.3.2 Error Stipulated by the Variations of Emf | p. 240 |
6.3.3 Error Stipulated by Inaccuracy of Setting and Measurement of the SEC Temperature | p. 241 |
6.4 Calculation of Errors on the Basis of Experimental Data | p. 243 |
References | p. 251 |
Chapter 7 Organization and Planning of Testing Zirconia Sensors | p. 253 |
7.1 Main Principles of Testing Zirconia Sensors | p. 253 |
7.1.1 Sensing Mechanisms of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 253 |
7.1.2 Sensor Structures and Devices | p. 254 |
7.1.3 Zirconia Sensor Systems | p. 254 |
7.1.4 Measurement and Control Systems | p. 254 |
7.1.5 Selecting the Number of Independent Variables (Factors) | p. 256 |
7.1.6 Determination of Experimental Data Volume | p. 258 |
7.1.7 Sequence of Experiment | p. 260 |
7.1.8 Data Processing | p. 260 |
7.2 Planning of Experiments | p. 265 |
7.2.1 Development of the Industrial Prototype of the Sensor | p. 266 |
7.2.2 Product Verification | p. 266 |
7.2.3 Training | p. 267 |
7.3 Reliability Testing of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 267 |
References | p. 271 |
Index | p. 273 |