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Cover image for Electrochemistry of zirconia gas sensors
Title:
Electrochemistry of zirconia gas sensors
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2008
Physical Description:
xv, 297 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
ISBN:
9781420047615

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30000010172652 TP754 Z48 2007 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

The first book to present a detailed analysis of the electrochemistry, development, modeling, optimization, testing, and technology behind modern zirconia-based sensors, Electrochemistry of Zirconia Gas Sensors explores how to tailor these sensors to meet specific industrial needs. The book addresses a range of different stages of development in zirconia-based sensors for gaseous and molten metal environments, focusing on an accessible form from analysis of interaction at the measuring environment-zirconia sensor interface to reliability testing of the sensors.

The coverage highlights different fundamental aspects of electrochemistry and physical chemistry of zirconia, mathematical modeling, optimization parameters, and structures of the electrode materials. The author highlights the factors that determine high sensitivity, critically reviews the limitations of current technologies, and surveys the needs and possibilities of future developments. He covers technologies for vacuum-tight joining zirconia to ceramic insulators and sensor construction materials as well as sensor design and concepts of the total-NOx sensor based on mixed potential. The book includes a critical overview of existing technologies of zirconia gas sensors including nanotechnology.

This book fills the gap between pure academic research of the zirconia-based gas sensors, explaining the influence of the double electrical layer on the sensor output signal and the applied, technological, down-to-earth approaches adopted by the vast majority of the industrial companies working in this field. Providing guidance on how to organize a testing program of gas sensors, the book allows readers to look forward in evaluating future trends in the zirconia gas sensors development.


Table of Contents

Prefacep. xi
Acknowledgmentsp. xiii
About the Authorp. xv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Electrochemistry of Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensorsp. 1
1.1 Electrochemistry of Zirconia Solid Electrolytes as the Basis for Understanding Electrochemical Gas Sensorsp. 1
1.1.1 Solid Oxygen-Ionic Electrolytesp. 1
1.1.2 Transport Propertiesp. 4
1.2 Electrophysical Properties of Solid Electrolytesp. 6
1.3 Aging of Solid Electrolytesp. 11
1.3.1 Single-Phase Solid Electrolytesp. 12
1.3.2 Two-Phase Solid Electrolytesp. 14
1.4 An Electron Model of Solid Oxygen-Ionic Electrolytes Used in Gas Sensorsp. 15
1.5 Electrode Processes in Solid Electrolyte Sensorsp. 30
1.5.1 Electrode Reaction within the Triple-Phase Boundaryp. 30
1.5.2 Diffusion of Oxygen Atomsp. 33
1.5.3 Role of the Electric Double Layer in Electrode Reactionsp. 36
1.5.3.1 Helmholtz Double Layerp. 36
1.5.3.2 Gouy-Chapman Double Layerp. 37
1.5.3.3 Stern Modification of the Diffuse Double Layerp. 38
Referencesp. 39
Chapter 2 Mathematical Modeling of Zirconia Gas Sensors with Distributed Parametersp. 43
2.1 Complete Mathematical Model of Electrochemical Gas Sensorsp. 43
2.2 Modeling Interactions of Oxygen with the Zirconia Sensorp. 50
2.3 Modeling Interactions of Various Gases with Non-Nernstian Zirconia Sensorsp. 60
2.3.1 Description of Non-Nernstian Behaviorp. 60
2.3.2 Non-Nernstian Zirconia-Based N[subscript x] Sensorsp. 62
2.3.3 Mathematical Formulation of Zirconia-Based NO[subscript x] Sensorsp. 64
2.4 Numerical Mathematical Models of Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 71
2.5 Identification Parameters of Mathematical Modelsp. 80
2.6 Verification Adequacy of Mathematical Models to Real Gas Sensorsp. 83
2.7 Nomenclaturep. 87
2.7.1 Subscriptsp. 88
Referencesp. 89
Chapter 3 Metrological Characteristics of Non-Nernstian Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 93
3.1 Non-Nernstian Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 93
3.1.1 Mixed-Potential NO[subscript x] Sensorsp. 93
3.1.1.1 Description of Nernstian Behaviorp. 97
3.1.1.2 Mixed-Potential Gas Sensorsp. 98
3.1.1.3 Concepts of the Total-NO[subscript x] Sensor Based on Mixed Potentialp. 101
3.1.1.4 Development of the NO[subscript x] Sensor's Designp. 104
3.1.2 Mixed-Potential Hydrocarbon Sensorsp. 115
3.1.3 Impedance-Based Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 119
3.2 Future Trendsp. 125
Referencesp. 128
Chapter 4 Zirconia Sensors for Measurement of Gas Concentration in Molten Metalsp. 135
4.1 Zirconia Sensors for the Measurement of Oxygen Activity in Meltsp. 135
4.1.1 Polycrystalline Zirconia Sensorsp. 135
4.1.2 Pe' Parameter Measurements and Sensing Propertiesp. 138
4.1.3 Single-Crystal Zirconia Sensorsp. 143
4.1.4 Zirconia Sensors Based on Shaped Eutectic Compositesp. 154
4.2 Impedance Method for the Analysis of In-Situ Diagnostics and the Control of an Electrolyte/Liquid-Metal Electrode Interfacep. 161
4.2.1 Galvano-Harmonic Methodp. 163
4.2.2 Impulse Galvanic-Static Methodp. 170
4.3 Measuring Oxygen Concentration in Lead-Bismuth Heat Carriersp. 175
4.4 Regulation of Oxygen Partial Pressure in Melts by Zirconia Pumpsp. 176
4.4.1 Characteristics of Lamellar Oxygen Pumpsp. 176
4.4.1.1 Potentiometric Mode of the Oxygen Pumpp. 177
4.4.1.2 Galvano-Static Mode of the Oxygen Pumpp. 186
4.4.2 Characteristics of Cylindrical Oxygen Pumpsp. 188
4.4.2.1 Potentiometric Modep. 188
4.4.2.2 Galvano-Static Modep. 191
Referencesp. 192
Chapter 5 Manufacturing Technologies of Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 197
5.1 Vacuum-Tight Technologies of Joining Zirconia to Ceramic Insulatorsp. 197
5.2 Vacuum-Tight Technologies of Joining Zirconia to Sensor Construction Materialsp. 207
5.3 Nanotechnologies for Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 213
5.4 Limitations of Existing Technologies and Future Trendsp. 218
Referencesp. 222
Chapter 6 Errors of Measurement of Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 227
6.1 Bases of Errors Theory in Relation to Electrochemical Gas Sensorsp. 227
6.2 Analysis of Systematic Errors of Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 232
6.3 Analysis of the Main Components of Errors of Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 234
6.3.1 Error Stipulated by the Reference Pressure Instabilityp. 239
6.3.2 Error Stipulated by the Variations of Emfp. 240
6.3.3 Error Stipulated by Inaccuracy of Setting and Measurement of the SEC Temperaturep. 241
6.4 Calculation of Errors on the Basis of Experimental Datap. 243
Referencesp. 251
Chapter 7 Organization and Planning of Testing Zirconia Sensorsp. 253
7.1 Main Principles of Testing Zirconia Sensorsp. 253
7.1.1 Sensing Mechanisms of Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 253
7.1.2 Sensor Structures and Devicesp. 254
7.1.3 Zirconia Sensor Systemsp. 254
7.1.4 Measurement and Control Systemsp. 254
7.1.5 Selecting the Number of Independent Variables (Factors)p. 256
7.1.6 Determination of Experimental Data Volumep. 258
7.1.7 Sequence of Experimentp. 260
7.1.8 Data Processingp. 260
7.2 Planning of Experimentsp. 265
7.2.1 Development of the Industrial Prototype of the Sensorp. 266
7.2.2 Product Verificationp. 266
7.2.3 Trainingp. 267
7.3 Reliability Testing of Zirconia Gas Sensorsp. 267
Referencesp. 271
Indexp. 273
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