Heat exchangers: selection, rating and thermal design

Title:

Personal Author:

Kakac, S. (Sadik)

Edition:

2nd ed.

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, 2002

ISBN:

9780849309021

Subject Term:

Heat exchangers

Added Author:

Liu, Hongtan

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010038934	TJ263 K25 2002	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Researchers, practitioners, instructors, and students all welcomed the first edition of Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating, and Thermal Design for gathering into one place the essence of the information they need-information formerly scattered throughout the literature. While retaining the basic objectives and popular features of the bestselling first edition, the second edition incorporates significant improvements and modifications.

New in the Second Edition:

Introductory material on heat transfer enhancement
An application of the Bell-Delaware method
New correlation for calculating heat transfer and friction coefficients for chevron-type plates
Revision of many of the solved examples and the addition of several new ones

The authors take a systematic approach to the subject of heat exchanger design, focusing on the fundamentals, selection, thermohydraulic design, design processes, and the rating and operational challenges of heat exchangers. It introduces thermal design by describing various types of single-phase and two-phase flow heat exchangers and their applications and demonstrates thermal design and rating processes through worked examples, exercises, and student design projects. Much of the text is devoted to describing and exemplifying double-pipe, shell-and-tube, compact, gasketed-plate heat exchanger types, condensers, and evaporators.

Author Notes

Sadik Kakac is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida
Hongtan Liu is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida

1 Classification of Heat Exchangers	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Recuperation and Regeneration	p. 1
1.3 Transfer Processes	p. 4
1.4 Geometry of Construction	p. 6
1.4.1 Tubular Heat Exchangers	p. 7
1.4.2 Plate Heat Exchangers	p. 11
1.4.3 Extended Surface Heat Exchangers	p. 17
1.5 Heat Transfer Mechanisms	p. 22
1.6 Flow Arrangements	p. 24
1.7 Applications	p. 25
1.8 Selection of Heat Exchangers	p. 26
References	p. 28
Problems	p. 30
2 Basic Design Methods of Heat Exchangers	p. 33
2.1 Introduction	p. 33
2.2 Arrangement of Flow Path in Heat Exchangers	p. 33
2.3 Basic Equations in Design	p. 35
2.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	p. 38
2.5 The LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis	p. 43
2.5.1 Parallel and Counterflow Heat Exchangers	p. 43
2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat Exchangers	p. 47
2.6 The [varepsilon]-NTU Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis	p. 57
2.7 Heat Exchanger Design Calculation	p. 67
2.8 Variable Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	p. 68
2.9 Heat Exchanger Design Methodology	p. 71
Nomenclature	p. 74
References	p. 75
Problems	p. 76
3 Forced Convection Correlations for the Single-Phase Side of Heat Exchangers	p. 81
3.1 Introduction	p. 81
3.2 Laminar Forced Convection	p. 84
3.2.1 Hydrodynamically Developed and Thermally Developing Laminar Flow in Smooth Circular Ducts	p. 84
3.2.2 Simultaneously Developing Laminar Flow in Smooth Ducts	p. 85
3.2.3 Laminar Flow through Concentric Annular Smooth Ducts	p. 86
3.3 The Effect of Variable Physical Properties	p. 88
3.3.1 Laminar Flow of Liquids	p. 90
3.3.2 Laminar Flow of Gases	p. 93
3.4 Turbulent Forced Convection	p. 93
3.5 Turbulent Flow in Smooth Straight Noncircular Ducts	p. 99
3.6 Effect of Variable Physical Properties in Turbulent Forced Convection	p. 102
3.6.1 Turbulent Liquid Flow in Ducts	p. 103
3.6.2 Turbulent Gas Flow in Ducts	p. 104
3.7 Summary of Forced Convection in Straight Ducts	p. 109
3.8 Heat Transfer from Smooth-Tube Bundles	p. 112
3.9 Heat Transfer in Helical Coils and Spirals	p. 116
3.9.1 Nusselt Numbers of Helical Coils--Laminar Flow	p. 117
3.9.2 Nusselt Numbers for Spiral Coils--Laminar Flow	p. 118
3.9.3 Nusselt Numbers for Helical Coils--Turbulent Flow	p. 118
3.10 Heat Transfer in Bends	p. 119
3.10.1 Heat Transfer in 90[degree] Bends	p. 121
3.10.2 Heat Transfer in 180[degree] Bends	p. 121
Nomenclature	p. 122
References	p. 124
Problems	p. 127
4 Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop and Pumping Power	p. 131
4.1 Introduction	p. 131
4.2 Tube-Side Pressure Drop	p. 131
4.2.1 Circular Cross Sectional Tubes	p. 131
4.2.2 Noncircular Cross Sectional Ducts	p. 134
4.3 Pressure Drop in Tube Bundles in Crossflow	p. 137
4.4 Pressure Drop in Helical and Spiral Coils	p. 139
4.4.1 Helical Coils--Laminar Flow	p. 140
4.4.2 Spiral Coils--Laminar Flow	p. 140
4.4.3 Helical Coils--Turbulent Flow	p. 141
4.4.4 Spiral Coils--Turbulent Flow	p. 141
4.5 Pressure Drop in Bends and Fittings	p. 142
4.5.1 Pressure Drop in Bends	p. 142
4.5.2 Pressure Drop in Fittings	p. 144
4.6 Pressure Drop for Abrupt Contraction, Expansion, and Momentum Change	p. 148
4.7 Heat Transfer and Pumping Power Relationship	p. 149
Nomenclature	p. 151
References	p. 153
Problems	p. 154
5 Fouling of Heat Exchangers	p. 159
5.1 Introduction	p. 159
5.2 Basic Considerations	p. 160
5.3 Effects of Fouling	p. 162
5.3.1 Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer	p. 162
5.3.2 Effect of Fouling on Pressure Drop	p. 162
5.3.3 Cost of Fouling	p. 165
5.4 Aspects of Fouling	p. 166
5.4.1 Categories of Fouling	p. 166
5.4.2 Fundamental Processes of Fouling	p. 168
5.4.3 Prediction of Fouling	p. 170
5.5 Design of Heat Exchangers Subject to Fouling	p. 172
5.5.1 Fouling Resistance	p. 172
5.5.2 Cleanliness Factor	p. 178
5.5.3 Percent Over Surface	p. 178
5.6 Operations of Heat Exchangers Subject to Fouling	p. 183
5.7 Techniques to Control Fouling	p. 185
5.7.1 Surface Cleaning Techniques	p. 186
5.7.2 Additives	p. 186
Nomenclature	p. 187
References	p. 188
Problems	p. 189
6 Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers	p. 193
6.1 Introduction	p. 193
6.2 Thermal and Hydraulic Design of Inner Tube	p. 196
6.3 Thermal and Hydraulic Analysis of Annulus	p. 197
6.3.1 Hairpin Heat Exchanger with Bare Inner Tube	p. 198
6.3.2 Hairpin Heat Exchangers with Multitube Finned Inner Tubes	p. 203
6.4 Parallel--Series Arrangements of Hairpins	p. 213
6.5 Total Pressure Drop	p. 216
6.6 Design and Operational Features	p. 217
Nomenclature	p. 218
References	p. 221
Problems	p. 222
Design Project 6.1	p. 226
Design Project 6.2	p. 227
7 Design Correlations for Condensers and Evaporators	p. 229
7.1 Introduction	p. 229
7.2 Condensation	p. 229
7.3 Film Condensation on a Single Horizontal Tube	p. 230
7.3.1 Laminar Film Condensation	p. 230
7.3.2 Forced Convection	p. 231
7.4 Film Condensation in Tube Bundles	p. 234
7.4.1 Effect of Condensate Inundation	p. 235
7.4.2 Effect of Vapor Shear	p. 239
7.4.3 Combined Effects of Inundation and Vapor Shear	p. 239
7.5 Condensation Inside Tubes	p. 244
7.5.1 Condensation in Vertical Tubes	p. 249
7.6 Flow Boiling	p. 251
7.6.1 Sub-cooled Boiling	p. 251
7.6.2 Flow Pattern	p. 253
7.6.3 Flow Boiling Correlations	p. 256
Nomenclature	p. 274
References	p. 277
Problems	p. 280
8 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers	p. 283
8.1 Introduction	p. 283
8.2 Basic Components	p. 283
8.2.1 Shell Types	p. 283
8.2.2 Tube Bundle Types	p. 286
8.2.3 Tubes and Tube Passes	p. 288
8.2.4 Tube Layout	p. 290
8.2.5 Baffle Type and Geometry	p. 291
8.2.6 Allocation of Streams	p. 296
8.3 Basic Design Procedure of a Heat Exchanger	p. 298
8.3.1 Preliminary Estimation of Unit Size	p. 300
8.3.2 The Rating of the Preliminary Design	p. 306
8.4 Shell-Side Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop	p. 307
8.4.1 Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient	p. 308
8.4.2 Shell-Side Pressure Drop	p. 309
8.4.3 Tube-Side Pressure Drop	p. 310
8.4.4 Bell-Delaware Method	p. 315
Nomenclature	p. 341
References	p. 343
Problems	p. 344
Design Project 8.1	p. 347
Design Project 8.2	p. 347
Design Project 8.3	p. 347
Design Project 8.4	p. 348
9 Compact Heat Exchangers	p. 349
9.1 Introduction	p. 349
9.1.1 Heat Transfer Enhancement	p. 349
9.1.2 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers	p. 352
9.1.3 Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers	p. 353
9.2 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop	p. 355
9.2.1 Heat Transfer	p. 355
9.2.2 Pressure Drop for Finned-Tube Exchangers	p. 358
9.2.3 Pressure Drop for Plate-Fin Exchangers	p. 360
Nomenclature	p. 368
References	p. 369
Problems	p. 369
Design Project 9.1	p. 371
Design Project 9.2	p. 372
10 The Gasketed-Plate Heat Exchangers	p. 373
10.1 Introduction	p. 373
10.2 Mechanical Features	p. 373
10.2.1 The Plate Pack and the Frame	p. 375
10.2.2 Plate Type	p. 377
10.3 Operational Characteristics	p. 380
10.3.1 Main Advantages	p. 380
10.3.2 Performance Limits	p. 382
10.4 Passes and Flow Arrangements	p. 383
10.5 Applications	p. 385
10.5.1 Corrosion	p. 386
10.5.2 Maintenance	p. 389
10.6 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Calculations	p. 389
10.6.1 Heat Transfer Area	p. 389
10.6.2 Mean Flow Channel Gap	p. 390
10.6.3 Channel Hydraulic Diameter	p. 391
10.6.4 Heat Transfer Coefficient	p. 391
10.6.5 Channel Pressure Drop	p. 396
10.6.6 Port Pressure Drop	p. 396
10.6.7 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	p. 397
10.6.8 Heat Transfer Surface Area	p. 397
10.6.9 Performance Analysis	p. 398
10.7 Thermal Performance	p. 404
Nomenclature	p. 406
References	p. 408
Problems	p. 410
Design Project 10.1	p. 411
Design Project 10.2	p. 412
Design Project 10.3	p. 412
11 Condensers and Evaporators	p. 413
11.1 Introduction	p. 413
11.2 Shell and Tube Condensers	p. 414
11.2.1 Horizontal Shell-Side Condensers	p. 414
11.2.2 Vertical Shell-Side Condensers	p. 418
11.2.3 Vertical Tube-Side Condensers	p. 418
11.2.4 Horizontal In-Tube Condensers	p. 420
11.3 Steam Turbine Exhaust Condensers	p. 421
11.4 Plate Condensers	p. 422
11.5 Air-Cooled Condensers	p. 423
11.6 Direct Contact Condensers	p. 424
11.7 Thermal Design of Shell-and-Tube Condensers	p. 425
11.8 Design and Operational Considerations	p. 438
11.9 Condensers for Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning	p. 439
11.9.1 Water-Cooled Condensers	p. 441
11.9.2 Air-Cooled Condensers	p. 442
11.9.3 Evaporative Condensers	p. 442
11.10 Evaporators for Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning	p. 445
11.10.1 Water-Cooling Evaporators (Chillers)	p. 445
11.10.2 Air-Cooling Evaporators (Air Coolers)	p. 446
11.11 Thermal Analysis	p. 449
11.11.1 Shah Correlation	p. 450
11.11.2 Kandlikar Correlation	p. 451
11.11.3 Gungor and Winterton Correlation	p. 453
11.12 Standards for Evaporators and Condensers	p. 454
Nomenclature	p. 460
References	p. 462
Problems	p. 462
Design Project 11.1	p. 464
Design Project 11.2	p. 464
Design Project 11.3	p. 465
Design Project 11.4	p. 465
Appendix A	p. 467
Physical Properties of Metals and Nonmetals	p. 467
Nomenclature	p. 467
Appendix B	p. 473
Physical Properties of Air, Water, Liquid Metals, and Refrigerants	p. 473
Index	p. 493

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