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Summary
Summary
Intended for readers who have taken a basic heat transfer course and have a basic knowledge of thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and differential equations, Convective Heat Transfer, Third Edition provides an overview of phenomenological convective heat transfer. This book combines applications of engineering with the basic concepts of convection. It offers a clear and balanced presentation of essential topics using both traditional and numerical methods. The text addresses emerging science and technology matters, and highlights biomedical applications and energy technologies.
What's New in the Third Edition:
Includes updated chapters and two new chapters on heat transfer in microchannels and heat transfer with nanofluids Expands problem sets and introduces new correlations and solved examples Provides more coverage of numerical/computer methodsThe third edition details the new research areas of heat transfer in microchannels and the enhancement of convective heat transfer with nanofluids. The text includes the physical mechanisms of convective heat transfer phenomena, exact or approximate solution methods, and solutions under various conditions, as well as the derivation of the basic equations of convective heat transfer and their solutions. A complete solutions manual and figure slides are also available for adopting professors.
Convective Heat Transfer, Third Edition is an ideal reference for advanced research or coursework in heat transfer, and as a textbook for senior/graduate students majoring in mechanical engineering and relevant engineering courses.
Author Notes
Sadık Kakaç has been known as one of the most recognized scientists in the field of heat transfer. He received his MS in mechanical engineering in 1959 and his MS in nuclear engineering in 1960, both from MIT. He received his Ph.D. from the Victoria University of Manchester, UK (1965). He has authored and co-authored over 200 scientific papers on transient and steady-state laminar forced convection, turbulent forced convection, two-phase flow instabilities, fuel cells modeling, and heat transfer in microchannels with slip flow. He is currently involved in convective heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids in single-phase and two-phase conditions.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
1 Foundations of Heat Transfer | p. 1 |
Nomenclature | p. 1 |
1.1 Introductory Remarks | p. 2 |
1.2 Modes of Heat Transfer | p. 3 |
1.3 Continuum Concept | p. 4 |
1.4 Some Definitions and Concepts of Thermodynamics | p. 5 |
1.5 General Laws | p. 6 |
1.5.1 Law of Conservation of Mass | p. 6 |
1.5.2 Newton's Second Law of Motion | p. 9 |
1.5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics | p. 11 |
1.5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics | p. 17 |
1.6 Particular Laws | p. 18 |
1.6.1 Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction | p. 19 |
1.6.2 Newton's Law of Cooling | p. 20 |
1.6.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law of Radiation | p. 22 |
Problems | p. 25 |
References | p. 26 |
Suggested Reading | p. 27 |
2 Governing Equations of Convective Heat Transfer | p. 29 |
Nomenclature | p. 29 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 30 |
2.2 Continuity Equation | p. 32 |
2.3 Momentum Equations | p. 35 |
2.4 Energy Equation | p. 43 |
2.5 Discussion of the Fundamental Equations | p. 50 |
2.6 Similarities in Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer | p. 51 |
Problems | p. 55 |
References | p. 57 |
3 Boundary-Layer Approximations for Laminar Flow | p. 59 |
Nomenclature | p. 59 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 60 |
3.2 Momentum Equations of the Boundary Layer | p. 62 |
3.3 Boundary-Layer Energy Equation | p. 65 |
Problems | p. 68 |
References | p. 69 |
4 Heat Transfer in Incompressible Laminar External Boundary Layers: Similarity Solutions | p. 71 |
Nomenclature | p. 71 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 72 |
4.2 Laminar Velocity Boundary Layer | p. 73 |
4.3 Thermal Boundary Layer | p. 82 |
4.4 Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer | p. 90 |
4.5 Flows with Pressure Gradients | p. 91 |
Problems | p. 94 |
References | p. 96 |
5 Integral Method | p. 99 |
Nomenclature | p. 99 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 100 |
5.2 Momentum Integral Equation | p. 101 |
5.3 Energy Integral Equation | p. 105 |
5.4 Laminar Forced Flow over a Flat Plate | p. 107 |
5.5 Thermal Boundary Layer on an Isothermal Flat Plate | p. 111 |
5.6 Thermal Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate with Constant Surface Heat Flux | p. 117 |
5.7 Flat Plate with Varying Surface Temperature | p. 119 |
5.7.1 Simple Application of Superposition | p. 120 |
5.7.2 Duhamel's Method | p. 123 |
5.8 Flows with Pressure Gradient | p. 128 |
5.8.1 von Karman-Pohlhausen Method | p. 128 |
5.8.2 Example: Heat Transfer at the Stagnation Point of an Isothermal Cylinder | p. 132 |
5.8.3 Walz Approximation | p. 135 |
Problems | p. 136 |
References | p. 142 |
6 Laminar Forced Convection in Pipes and Ducts | p. 145 |
Nomenclature | p. 145 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 146 |
6.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows in Ducts | p. 149 |
6.3 Some Exact Solutions of Navier-Stokes Equations | p. 150 |
6.3.1 Flow between Two Parallel Walls | p. 150 |
6.3.2 Flow in a Circular Pipe | p. 152 |
6.4 Friction Factor | p. 154 |
6.5 Noncircular Cross-Sectional Ducts | p. 157 |
6.6 Laminar Forced Convection in Ducts | p. 158 |
6.7 Thermal Boundary Conditions | p. 159 |
6.8 Laminar Forced Convection in Circular Pipes with Fully Developed Conditions | p. 160 |
6.8.1 Uniform Heat-Flux Boundary Condition | p. 162 |
6.8.2 Constant Wall Temperature Boundary Condition | p. 165 |
6.9 Laminar Forced Convection in the Thermal Entrance Region of a Circular Duct | p. 167 |
6.9.1 Graetz Solution for Uniform Velocity | p. 168 |
6.9.2 Graetz Solution for Parabolic Velocity Profile | p. 171 |
6.9.3 Extensions of the Graetz Problem | p. 178 |
6.9.3.1 Constant Wall Heat Flux | p. 178 |
6.9.3.2 Linear Wall Temperature Variation | p. 180 |
6.10 Laminar Flow Heat Transfer in the Combined Entrance Region of Circular Ducts | p. 181 |
6.11 Laminar Convective Heat Transfer between Two Parallel Plates | p. 188 |
6.11.1 Cartesian Graetz Problem for Slug Flow with Constant Wall Temperature | p. 188 |
6.11.2 Cartesian Graetz Problem for Slug Flow with Constant Wall Heat Flux | p. 191 |
6.11.3 Cartesian Graetz Problem for Parabolic Velocity Profile with Constant Wall Temperature | p. 194 |
6.12 Integral Method | p. 196 |
6.12.1 Constant Wall Heat Flux | p. 197 |
6.12.2 Constant Wall Temperature | p. 200 |
6.13 Asymptotic Values of Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Ducts | p. 201 |
6.14 Effect of Circumferential Heat-Flux Variation | p. 201 |
6.15 Heat Transfer in Annular Passages | p. 205 |
Problems | p. 212 |
References | p. 218 |
7 Forced Convection in Turbulent Flow | p. 221 |
Nomenclature | p. 221 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 222 |
7.2 Governing Equations with Steady Turbulent Flow | p. 224 |
7.2.1 Continuity Equation | p. 224 |
7.2.2 Momentum Equations | p. 225 |
7.2.3 Energy Equation | p. 228 |
7.3 Turbulence Models | p. 232 |
7.3.1 Eddy Diffusivity of Heat and Momentum | p. 234 |
7.4 Velocity Distribution in Turbulent Flow | p. 236 |
7.5 Friction Factors for Turbulent Flow | p. 238 |
7.6 Analogies between Heat and Momentum Transfer | p. 240 |
7.6.1 Reynolds Analogy | p. 240 |
7.6.2 Prandtl-Taylor Analogy | p. 244 |
7.6.3 von Karman Analogy | p. 246 |
7.7 Further Analogies in Turbulent Flow | p. 250 |
7.7.1 Turbulent Flow through Circular Tubes | p. 250 |
7.7.2 Turbulent Flow between Two Parallel Plates | p. 257 |
7.8 Turbulent Heat Transfer in a Circular Duct with Variable Circumferential Heat Flux | p. 258 |
7.9 Turbulent Heat Transfer in Annular Passages | p. 262 |
7.10 Effect of Boundary Conditions on Heat Transfer | p. 263 |
7.10.1 Constant Heat-Transfer Coefficient Boundary Condition | p. 275 |
7.11 Turbulent Flow on a Flat Plate | p. 278 |
Problems | p. 282 |
References | p. 285 |
8 Unsteady Forced Convection in Ducts | p. 289 |
Nomenclature | p. 289 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 290 |
8.2 Transient Laminar Forced Convection in Ducts | p. 291 |
8.2.1 Transient Laminar Forced Convection in Circular Ducts with Step Change in Wall Temperature | p. 294 |
8.2.1.1 Solution for Slug Flow | p. 295 |
8.2.1.2 Solution for Parabolic Velocity Distribution | p. 296 |
8.2.2 Transient Laminar Forced Convection in Circular Ducts with Arbitrary Time Variations in Wall Temperature | p. 300 |
8.2.3 Transient Laminar Forced Convection in Circular Ducts with Step Change in Wall Heat Flux | p. 302 |
8.2.4 Transient Laminar Forced Convection in a Parallel-Plate Channel with Step Change in Wall Temperature | p. 302 |
8.2.5 Transient Laminar Forced Convection in a Parallel-Plate Channel with Unsteady Flow | p. 304 |
8.2.5.1 Step Change in Both Wall Temperature and Pressure Gradient from an Unhealed Initial Condition | p. 306 |
8.2.5.2 Step Change in Pressure Gradient Only, with Initial Steady Heating | p. 307 |
8.2.5.3 Step Change in Both Pressure Gradient and Wall Temperature with Initial Steady Heating | p. 308 |
8.3 Transient Turbulent Forced Convection in Ducts | p. 308 |
8.3.1 Transient Turbulent Forced Convection in Circular Ducts | p. 309 |
8.3.2 Transient Turbulent Forced Convection in a Parallel-Plate Channel | p. 312 |
8.4 Analysis of Transient Forced Convection for Timewise Variation of Inlet Temperature | p. 314 |
8.4.1 Heat Transfer in Laminar Slug Flow through a Parallel-Plate Channel with Periodic Variation of Inlet Temperature | p. 314 |
8.4.1.1 Solution for ¿ 1 (x,y) | p. 316 |
8.4.1.2 Solution for ¿ 2 (x,y,t) | p. 317 |
8.4.2 Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow through a Parallel-Plate Channel with Periodic Variation of Inlet Temperature | p. 318 |
8.4.3 General Solution to the Transient Forced Convection Energy Equation for Timewise Variation of the Inlet Temperature | p. 323 |
Problems | p. 325 |
References | p. 326 |
9 Empirical Correlations for Single-Phase Forced Convection in Ducts | p. 329 |
Nomenclature | p. 329 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 330 |
9.2 Dimensional Analysis of Forced Convection | p. 333 |
9.3 Laminar Forced Convection | p. 336 |
9.3.1 Hydrodynamically Developed and Thermally Developing Laminar Flow in Smooth Circular Ducts | p. 336 |
9.3.2 Simultaneously Developing Laminar Flow in Smooth Circular Ducts | p. 338 |
9.3.3 Laminar Flow through Concentric Smooth Ducts | p. 338 |
9.4 Effects of Variable Physical Properties | p. 340 |
9.4.1 Laminar Flow of Liquids | p. 341 |
9.4.2 Laminar Flow of Gases | p. 344 |
9.5 Turbulent Forced Convection | p. 344 |
9.5.1 Turbulent Flow in Circular Ducts with Constant Properties | p. 344 |
9.6 Turbulent Flow in Smooth Straight Noncircular Ducts | p. 347 |
9.7 Effects of Variable Physical Properties in Turbulent Forced Convection | p. 350 |
9.7.1 Turbulent Liquid Flow in Ducts | p. 351 |
9.7.2 Turbulent Gas Flow in Ducts | p. 351 |
9.8 Liquid Metal Heat Transfer | p. 357 |
9.9 Summary | p. 361 |
Problems | p. 361 |
References | p. 363 |
10 Heat Transfer in Natural Convection | p. 367 |
Nomenclature | p. 367 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 368 |
10.2 Basic Equations of Laminar Boundary Layer | p. 369 |
10.3 Pohlhausen Solution for Laminar Boundary Layer over a Constant Temperature Vertical Flat Plate | p. 372 |
10.4 Exact Solution of Boundary-Layer Equations for Uniform Heat Flux | p. 378 |
10.5 Inclined and Horizontal Surfaces | p. 383 |
10.6 Property Variation in Free Convection | p. 385 |
10.7 Approximate Solution of Laminar Free Convection on a Vertical Plate: von Karman-Pohlhausen Integral Method | p. 387 |
10.7.1 Constant Wall Temperature Boundary Condition | p. 388 |
10.7.2 Nonuniform Wall Heat Flux or Nonuniform Wall Temperature Boundary Condition | p. 391 |
10.8 Turbulent Heat Transfer on a Vertical Plate | p. 394 |
10.9 Dimensional Analysis in Natural Convection | p. 398 |
10.10 Interferometric Studies | p. 399 |
10.11 Natural Convection in Enclosed Spaces | p. 401 |
10.11.1 Governing Equations for Enclosure Flows | p. 401 |
10.11.2 Laminar Natural Convection in a Vertical Slot with Isothermal Walls | p. 404 |
10.11.2.1 Mathematical Formulation | p. 405 |
10.11.2.2 Conduction Regime | p. 409 |
10.11.2.3 Boundary-Layer Regime | p. 410 |
10.12 Correlations for Natural Convection in Enclosures | p. 413 |
10.12.1 Correlations for Natural Convection between Parallel Walls | p. 414 |
10.12.2 Correlations for Spherical and Cylindrical Annuli | p. 416 |
10.13 Combined Free and Forced Convection | p. 419 |
10.13.1 Governing Equations for Mixed Convection | p. 419 |
10.13.2 Laminar Mixed Convection in Vertical Ducts | p. 421 |
10.13.3 Laminar Mixed Convection in Horizontal Ducts | p. 424 |
10.13.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow | p. 424 |
10.13.5 Turbulent Mixed Convection in Ducts | p. 425 |
10.13.6 Flow Regime Maps for Mixed Convection | p. 427 |
Problems | p. 433 |
References | p. 435 |
11 Heat Transfer in High-Speed Flow | p. 441 |
Nomenclature | p. 441 |
11.1 Introduction | p. 442 |
11.2 Stagnation Temperature | p. 443 |
11.3 Adiabatic Wall Temperature and Recovery Factor | p. 445 |
11.4 Governing Equations in High-Velocity Flow | p. 447 |
11.5 Thermal Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate in High-Speed Flow | p. 449 |
11.6 Heat Transfer in 2D Turbulent Boundary Layers | p. 456 |
Problems | p. 462 |
References | p. 462 |
12 Convective Heat Transfer in Microchannels | p. 465 |
Nomenclature | p. 465 |
12.1 Introduction | p. 467 |
12.2 Definitions in Microchannels | p. 468 |
12.2.1 Knudsen Number | p. 468 |
12.2.2 Velocity Profile | p. 470 |
12.2.3 Temperature Jump | p. 471 |
12.2.4 Brinkman Number | p. 472 |
12.2.5 Governing Equations | p. 472 |
12.2.5.1 Flow through a Parallel-Plate MicroChannel | p. 474 |
12.2.5.2 Flow through a Microtube | p. 475 |
12.3 Convective Heat Transfer for Gaseous Flow in Microchannels | p. 475 |
12.3.1 Constant Wall Temperature | p. 476 |
12.3.2 Constant Wall Heat Flux | p. 478 |
12.4 Effects of Temperature Jump | p. 482 |
12.4.1 Constant Wall Temperature | p. 483 |
12.4.2 Constant Wall Heat Flux | p. 484 |
12.4.3 Linear Wall Temperature | p. 484 |
12.5 Effects of Viscous Dissipation | p. 487 |
12.6 Effects of Channel Roughness | p. 489 |
12.7 Effects of Variable Fluid Properties | p. 490 |
12.7.1 Constant Wall Temperature | p. 490 |
12.7.2 Constant Wall Heat Flux | p. 491 |
12.8 Empirical Correlations for Gaseous Forced Convection in Microchannels | p. 494 |
12.8.1 Nusselt Number Correlations | p. 494 |
12.8.1.1 Laminar and Turbulent Regimes | p. 494 |
12.8.1.2 Laminar to Turbulent Transition Regime | p. 497 |
12.8.2 Friction Factor Correlations | p. 500 |
12.9 Empirical Correlations for Liquid Forced Convection in Microchannels | p. 504 |
Problems | p. 511 |
References | p. 512 |
13 Enhancement of Convective Heat Transfer with Nanofluids | p. 517 |
Nomenclature | p. 517 |
13.1 Introduction | p. 518 |
13.1.1 Density | p. 520 |
13.1.2 Specific Heat | p. 520 |
13.1.3 Viscosity | p. 521 |
13.1.4 Thermal Conductivity | p. 521 |
13.2 Nanofluid Convective Heat-Transfer Modeling | p. 529 |
13.2.1 Numerical Analysis | p. 529 |
13.2.2 Conventional Correlations with Nanofluid Properties | p. 533 |
13.2.3 Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in Laminar Flow | p. 536 |
13.3 Empirical Correlation for Single-Phase Forced Convection with Nanofluids | p. 550 |
Problems | p. 559 |
References | p. 560 |
Appendix A Physical Properties of Metals and Nonmetals | p. 565 |
Appendix B Physical Properties of Air, Water, Liquid Metals, and Refrigerants | p. 569 |
Appendix C Bessel Functions | p. 583 |
Index | p. 589 |