Introduction to zeolite science and practice

Zeolites and related molecular sieves have quickly become important pathways to new opportunities in the fields of oil processing and petrochemical synthesis. The signs of intense activity in both industry and academia are evident: burgeoning papers and patent applications; increasing numbers of industrial zeolite-based processes and their rapid expansion into organic chemicals manufacturing; recent progress in zeolite accessibility range, matrix behaviour, lattice components and satellite structures; and the recognition that zeolites, which are stable and can be regenerated, may be incorporated into new, environmentally friendly processes.

This volume offers a thorough, up-to-date introduction to zeolites and such related materials as crystalline aluminium phosphates and clays. Its 16 chapters, each written by specialists, provide detailed treatments of zeolite theory (including a review of major developments), zeolite laboratory and research practice, and zeolite industry applications.

Students and individuals entering the field will find Introduction to Zeolite Science and Practice a thorough guidebook. Experienced researchers will appreciate its in-depth coverage of the zeolite spectrum, including the latest views on zeolite structure, characterization and applications.

Preface	p. xiii
List of contributors	p. xv
Chapter 1 The zeolite sceneL. Moscou
Introduction	p. 1
What makes zeolites so special?	p. 1
Zeolite applications	p. 5
Zeolite market volume	p. 6
Economic impact	p. 7
Zeolite R&D	p. 8
Zeolite networks	p. 10
Conclusion	p. 11
References	p. 12
Chapter 2 Zeolites and molecular sieves. An historical perspectiveE.M. Flanigen
Early history	p. 13
Industrial history	p. 14
The 80's	p. 15
Review of molecular sieve and zeolite fundamentals	p. 17
History of molecular sieve materials	p. 21
History of synthesis	p. 28
The future	p. 31
History of international conferences and organizations	p. 32
Historical epilogue	p. 33
References	p. 33
Chapter 3 Structural subunits in silicate and phosphate structuresH. van Koningsveld
Introduction	p. 35
Some basic concepts	p. 37
Structural subunits (SSU)	p. 40
Description of the structure types	p. 51
Conclusions	p. 72
References	p. 75
Chapter 4 The preparation of molecular sieves
A Synthesis of zeolitesJ.C. Jansen
Introduction	p. 77
Preparatory	p. 83
Zeolite product versus the synthesis mixture	p. 90
The low temperature reaction mixture	p. 92
The temperature raise of the reaction mixture	p. 98
The high temperature reaction process	p. 100
Isolation of the zeolite product	p. 107
Reaction parameters	p. 107
All silica molecular sieves	p. 114
Clathrasils	p. 115
Examples of systematic research	p. 118
Literature sources pertaining zeolite preparation aspects	p. 128
References	p. 130
B Synthesis of AIPO[subscript 4]-based molecular sievesS.T. Wilson
Introduction	p. 137
Historical background	p. 137
AlPO[subscript 4]-based molecular sieves	p. 138
Synthesis	p. 139
Other issues	p. 149
Final comments	p. 150
References	p. 150
Chapter 5 Modified zeolitesR. Szostak
Introduction	p. 153
Extraction of aluminum from zeolite frameworks	p. 154
Cracking catalyst development: historically a question of stability	p. 156
Methods for dealuminating zeolite Y	p. 157
Effect of sodium content	p. 164
Aluminum extraction: characterization of framework and nonframework components	p. 165
Spectroscopic techniques applied to understanding dealumination	p. 169
Application of surface spectroscopic techniques	p. 170
Does getting there by a different route get you the same place?	p. 171
And then there is reality	p. 172
Modification of high silica zeolite structures: Differences from zeolite Y	p. 173
Reactions of zeolites with fluoride	p. 173
Enhancement in activity in ZSM-5 with steam	p. 175
Hydrothermal enhancement of activity in metallosilicates	p. 179
CVD methods applied to zeolites: SiCl[subscript 4] treatment	p. 182
Insertion of silicon into AlPO[subscript 4] structures	p. 184
CVD as a method of pore mouth restructuring	p. 185
Internal pore modification	p. 188
Coming full circle: putting aluminum back into the structure	p. 190
Conclusion	p. 191
References	p. 192
Chapter 6 Clays from two to three dimensionsR.A. Schoonheydt
Introduction	p. 201
Smectites	p. 203
Properties of smectites	p. 205
Pillared clays	p. 222
Conclusion	p. 236
References	p. 237
Chapter 7 Techniques of zeolite characterizationJ.H.C. van Hooff and J.W. Roelofsen
Introduction	p. 242
Zeolite structure and structural defects	p. 244
Pore structure of zeolites	p. 250
Chemical composition of zeolites	p. 258
Determination of the framework Si/Al ratio	p. 262
Determination of zeolite acidity	p. 268
Zeolite stability	p. 279
Zeolite morphology and particle size	p. 282
References	p. 283
Chapter 8 Solid state NMR spectroscopy applied to zeolitesG. Engelhardt
Introduction	p. 285
Basic principles and methods of high-resolution solid-state NMR	p. 286
Multinuclear high-resolution solid-state NMR of zeolites	p. 289
NMR of aluminophosphate molecular sieves	p. 313
References	p. 314
Chapter 9 Introduction to zeolite theory and modellingR.A. van Santen and D.P. de Bruyn and C.J.J. den Ouden and B. Smit
Introduction	p. 317
Theory on zeolite lattice stability	p. 319
Theory on adsorption and acidity	p. 326
Computer modelling techniques	p. 335
Computer simulation of adsorption and diffusion	p. 340
Future perspectives	p. 354
References	p. 355
Chapter 10 Ion exchange in zeolitesR.P. Townsend
Introduction	p. 359
A picture of the ion-exchange system	p. 361
Equilibrium aspects of ion exchange in zeolites	p. 365
The kinetics of ion exchange	p. 375
Zeolites and detergency	p. 382
Other recent developments and trends	p. 387
References	p. 388
Chapter 11 Diffusion in zeolite molecular sievesM.F.M. Post
Introduction	p. 392
Diffusion in porous zeolite media: general principles	p. 394
Experimental measurement of diffusitivities in molecular sieves	p. 395
Numerical values of diffusivities	p. 411
Diffusion and catalysis	p. 434
Conclusions	p. 438
List of symbols	p. 439
References	p. 441
Chapter 12 Introduction to acid catalysis with zeolites in hydrocarbon reactionsP.A. Jacobs and J.A. Martens
Screening of zeolite catalysts at the laboratory scale	p. 445
Reaction mechanisms in zeolite catalyzed reactions	p. 455
Shape-selective catalysis in acid zeolites	p. 474
References	p. 493
Chapter 13 Preparation of zeolitic catalystsH.W. Kouwenhoven and B. de Kroes
Introduction	p. 497
Catalyst preparation procedure	p. 499
Fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts	p. 511
Preparation of Ti catalysts for hydroxylation of phenol	p. 522
Zeolite supported noble metal catalysts	p. 524
Conclusion	p. 527
References	p. 527
Chapter 14 Coke formation on zeolitesH.G. Karge
Introduction	p. 531
Methods of coke investigation and results	p. 533
Particular phenomena related to coke formation	p. 555
Summary and concluding remarks	p. 565
Note	p. 565
References	p. 566
Chapter 15 Hydrocarbon processing with zeolitesI.E. Maxwell and W.H.J. Stork
Introduction	p. 571
Oil-conversion processes	p. 575
Gas-conversion processes	p. 615
Future developments	p. 626
References	p. 628
Chapter 16 Zeolites in organic synthesesW.F. Holderich and H. van Bekkum
Introduction	p. 631
General aspects	p. 632
Non-catalytic use of zeolites in organic synthesis	p. 642
Zeolite-catalyzed isomerizations	p. 649
Electrophilic substitution of arenes	p. 664
Oxidation reactions	p. 682
Zeolite-catalyzed cyclizations	p. 694
Nucleophilic substitution and addition	p. 702
Zeolite-catalyzed two- and multi-step syntheses	p. 711
Final remarks	p. 716
References	p. 717
Appendix I Zeolite structures	p. 727
Appendix II Pore sizes of zeolites	p. 735
Keyword index	p. 743
Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis (other volumes in the series)	p. 751

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Table of Contents