Title:
Spatial data modelling for 3D GIS
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Berlin : Springer, 2008
ISBN:
9783540741664
Added Author:
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Summary
Summary
This book covers fundamental aspects of spatial data modelling specifically on the aspect of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and structuring. Realisation of "true" 3D GIS spatial system needs a lot of effort, and the process is taking place in various research centres and universities in some countries. The development of spatial data modelling for 3D objects is the focus of this book.
Author Notes
Dr Alias Abdul-Rahman is an Associate Professor at the Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Dr Morakot Pilouk is a Software development Manager at the Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), Redlands, California, United States
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 Why Does 3D GIS Matter? | p. 1 |
1.2 The Needs for 3D GIS | p. 3 |
1.3 The Need for 3D Spatial Data Modeling | p. 7 |
1.4 Problems Associated with Spatial Modelling for 3D GIS | p. 9 |
1.5 Previous Work | p. 10 |
1.6 Background to the 3D GIS Problem | p. 13 |
Chapter 2 An Overview of 3D GIS Development | p. 15 |
2.1 GIS Functions | p. 15 |
2.2 3D GIS | p. 16 |
2.3 Recent Progress Made on 3D GIS | p. 17 |
2.4 Commercially Available Systems and 3D GIS | p. 18 |
2.4.1 ArcView 3D Analyst | p. 18 |
2.4.2 Imagine VirtualGIS | p. 19 |
2.4.3 GeoMedia Terrain | p. 20 |
2.4.4 PAMAP GIS Topographer | p. 21 |
2.5 Why is 3D GIS Difficult to Realise? | p. 22 |
2.6 Discussion | p. 23 |
Chapter 3 2D and 3D Spatial Data Representations | p. 25 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 25 |
3.2 Classes of Object Representations | p. 26 |
3.2.1 Grid | p. 26 |
3.2.2 Shape Model | p. 27 |
3.2.3 Facet Model | p. 28 |
3.2.4 Boundary Representation (B-rep) | p. 30 |
3.2.5 3D Array | p. 32 |
3.2.6 Octree | p. 33 |
3.2.7 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) | p. 34 |
3.2.8 3D TIN (Tetrahedral network, TEN) | p. 35 |
3.3 GIS Applicability of the Representations | p. 37 |
3.4 The Selection Criteria | p. 38 |
3.4.1 Representation of Object Primitives | p. 38 |
3.4.2 Topology of Spatial Objects: Simplexes and Complexes | p. 40 |
3.5 Vector and Raster Representations | p. 41 |
3.6 Summary | p. 42 |
Chapter 4 The Fundamentals of Geo-Spatial Modelling | p. 43 |
4.1 Spatial Data | p. 44 |
4.2 Spatial Data Modeling | p. 44 |
4.3 Models and Their Importance for Geoinformation | p. 45 |
4.4 Components of Geo-spatial Model | p. 47 |
4.5 Phases in Geo-spatial Modeling | p. 48 |
4.6 Conceptual Design of a Geo-spatial Model | p. 50 |
4.6.1 Definition of Space | p. 51 |
4.6.2 Abstraction of Space | p. 52 |
4.6.3 Abstraction of Real World Object | p. 53 |
4.6.4 Object and Spatial Extent | p. 57 |
4.6.5 Spatial Relations | p. 57 |
4.6.6 Application of Spatial Relations | p. 62 |
4.6.7 Representation of Spatial Objects and Relationships | p. 65 |
4.6.8 Spatial Data Models in GIS | p. 73 |
4.7 Logical Design of Geo-spatial Model | p. 78 |
4.7.1 Relational Approach | p. 79 |
4.7.2 Object-oriented Approach | p. 81 |
4.8 Summary | p. 85 |
Chapter 5 The Conceptual Design | p. 87 |
5.1 TIN-based (2.5D) Data Model | p. 87 |
5.2 Properties of the TIN-based Data Model | p. 90 |
5.3 TEN-based Data Model | p. 94 |
5.4 Generalized n-dimensional Integrated Data Model | p. 97 |
5.4.1 The Definitions | p. 98 |
5.5 Single-theme and Multi-theme | p. 101 |
5.6 Euler's Characteristics | p. 102 |
5.6.1 Euler's Equality | p. 103 |
5.6.2 The Generalized Euler Equality | p. 104 |
5.7 Discussion | p. 107 |
Chapter 6 The Logical Design | p. 109 |
6.1 Relational Approach | p. 109 |
6.1.1 Relational Data Structure for TIN-based Model | p. 110 |
6.1.2 Relational Data Structure for a TEN-based Model | p. 112 |
6.1.3 Relational Data Structure for an n-dimensional Data Model | p. 115 |
6.2 Object-oriented Approach | p. 116 |
6.2.1 Object-oriented Definition of a Spatial Object | p. 117 |
6.2.2 Object-oriented Design Based on IDM | p. 118 |
6.2.3 Specialization of Classes | p. 120 |
6.2.4 Aggregation of Objects | p. 125 |
6.2.5 Creation of Objects | p. 126 |
6.2.6 Behaviour of Objects in the Database | p. 128 |
6.2.7 Comparison with Other OO Approaches | p. 129 |
6.3 Discussion | p. 130 |
Chapter 7 Object-Orientation of TINs Spatial Data | p. 133 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 133 |
7.2 Object-oriented Concepts | p. 133 |
7.2.1 The Abstraction Mechanisms | p. 134 |
7.2.2 The Programming Language | p. 136 |
7.3 Object-oriented TIN Tessellations | p. 136 |
7.3.1 Classes for 2D TIN Tessellations | p. 136 |
7.3.2 Classes for 3D TIN Tessellations | p. 140 |
7.4 Object-oriented TINs Spatial Data Modelling | p. 140 |
7.4.1 The Classes Schema | p. 140 |
7.5 Object-oriented TIN Spatial Database Development | p. 146 |
7.5.1 The POET OO DBMS | p. 146 |
7.5.2 The POET Database Schema | p. 147 |
7.5.3 The POET Database Browser | p. 148 |
7.5.4 POET Database Query | p. 148 |
7.6 Object-oriented TIN-based Subsystems for GIS | p. 149 |
7.7 Summary | p. 150 |
Chapter 8 The Supporting Algorithms | p. 153 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 153 |
8.2 Distance Transformation | p. 153 |
8.3 Voronoi Tessellations | p. 158 |
8.4 Triangulations (TINs) | p. 163 |
8.4.1 TIN Topological Data Structuring | p. 168 |
8.5 Visualization | p. 170 |
8.6 3D Distance Transformation | p. 171 |
8.7 3D Voronoi Tessellation | p. 176 |
8.8 Tetrahedron Network (TEN) Generation | p. 181 |
8.9 Constrained Triangulations | p. 183 |
8.9.1 The Line Rasterization | p. 183 |
8.9.2 The Construction of the Constrained TINs | p. 185 |
8.10 Contouring Algorithm | p. 190 |
8.10.1 Data Structures for Contouring | p. 190 |
8.10.2 The Algorithm | p. 192 |
8.10.3 The Contour Visualization | p. 195 |
8.11 Algorithms for Irregular Network Formation | p. 196 |
8.12 Summary | p. 204 |
Chapter 9 Applications of the Model | p. 207 |
9.1 Integration of Terrain Relief and Terrain Features | p. 207 |
9.2 Creating an Integrated Database | p. 209 |
9.3 A Spatial Query Example | p. 212 |
9.4 Integrating with 3D Features | p. 214 |
9.5 Integrating with Geo-scientific Data | p. 219 |
9.6 Spatial Operators | p. 221 |
9.7 Graphic Visualization | p. 223 |
9.7.1 Wireframe Graphics | p. 224 |
9.7.2 Hidden Line and Surface Removal | p. 225 |
9.7.3 Surface Shading and Illumination | p. 226 |
9.7.4 Texture Mapping | p. 227 |
9.8 Virtual Reality | p. 230 |
9.9 Discussion | p. 230 |
Chapter 10 The Web and 3D GIS | p. 233 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 233 |
10.2 Web 3D GIS | p. 234 |
10.3 Management of 3D Spatial Data | p. 238 |
10.4 GUI for 3D Visualization and Editing on the Web | p. 240 |
10.5 Current and Possible Approaches in Urban Planning | p. 248 |
10.6 Realized Browser-based Solutions | p. 249 |
10.7 Stand-alone Solutions/Toolkits/Front-ends | p. 254 |
10.8 Summary | p. 255 |
Chapter 11 Conclusion and Further Outlook | p. 257 |
11.1 Summary | p. 257 |
11.2 Further Research | p. 264 |
References and Bibliography | p. 267 |
Index | p. 287 |