Internet architecture : an introduction to IP protocols

Title:

Personal Author:

Black, Uyless D.

Publication Information:

Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall PTR, 2000

ISBN:

9780130199065

Subject Term:

TCP/IP (Computer network protocol)

Computer network architectures

Internetworking (Telecommunication)

Intranets (Computer networks)

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
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Searching... PSZ KL	30000010061247	TK5105.585 B534 2000	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Internet Architecture: A Guide to IP Protocols is an expert application-oriented introduction to every Internet protocol networking professionals need to know about. Respected communications consultant Uyless Black begins with a detailed overview of how the Internet works, and how it has evolved, reviewing key elements such as backbones, metropolitan area exchanges, and private peering points. Black presents an architectural model that shows how TCP/IP and related protocols fit together; then introduces each protocol, in detail. Coverage includes: LANs and link protocols; addresses, names, DNS, ARP, and DHCP; IP and ICMP; TCP and UDP; PPP, L2TP, and more. Black also presents extensive coverage of VPNs and security, including IPSec; as well as network management via SNMP, RMON and MIBs. Finally, the book previews the emerging multiservice Internet, which will incorporate advanced protocols such as Voice over IP (VoIP), as well as QoS initiatives like Multiprotocol Label Switching and DiffServ.

Author Notes

UYLESS BLACK is a widely known and respected consultant and lecturer on computer networks and data communications. He is author of all the books in his Prentice Hall Series in Advanced Communications Technologies, including Voice Over IP, IP Routing Protocols, ATM: Foundations for Broadband Networks, and Emerging Communications Technologies . He resides in Front Royal, VA.

Preface	p. xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Terms and Concepts	p. 1
How the Internet is Managed	p. 3
Request for Comments (RFCs)	p. 4
A Bit of History	p. 5
The Gateway	p. 6
Accounting for Traffic	p. 6
The Internet Today	p. 8
Global Diffusion of the Internet	p. 10
Choosing an Internet Service Provider	p. 10
The TCP/IP Model	p. 12
The Physical Layer	p. 12
Device Drivers	p. 13
The Data Link Layer	p. 13
IP and ICMP	p. 13
Route Discovery	p. 14
Address Resolution	p. 14
The Transport Layer	p. 15
Application Layer	p. 15
How the Layered Model Operates	p. 16
Peer Layer Communications	p. 17
Example of an Invocation	p. 17
Naming and Addressing	p. 18
Link (Physical) Addresses	p. 20
IEEE LAN Addresses	p. 20
Network Layer Addresses (IP Addresses)	p. 22
The IP Address Format	p. 24
Special Rules for Addresses	p. 26
IP Address Space	p. 26
Example of the IP Address Assignment	p. 26
Examples of Internet Protocols	p. 28
Router Operations Revisited	p. 31
Relationship of Addresses	p. 39
Other Identifiers	p. 40
Address Resolution (Mapping)	p. 42
The Address Resolution Protocols	p. 43
ARP	p. 44
Proxy ARP	p. 46
Reverse ARP	p. 47
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)	p. 48
DHCP	p. 49
Introduction to Subnets and Subnet Addressing	p. 50
Introduction to the Domain Name System (DNS)	p. 52
DNS Servers	p. 54
Examples of DNS Names	p. 54
How the Servers Interwork	p. 56
Number of Hosts Advertised in the DNS	p. 57
The DNS Configuration	p. 57
Summary	p. 62
Chapter 2 Error Recovery Operations	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Data Transfer Across Links	p. 63
Where the Link Protocol Operates	p. 65
The Basic Operations	p. 66
Relationship of the Link Layer to the OSI Model	p. 67
Link Layer Primitives (Service Definitions)	p. 68
The Link Timers	p. 70
State Variables and Sequence Numbers	p. 72
Transmit and Receive Windows	p. 73
Example of Sliding Window Operations	p. 74
The High Level Data Link Control (HDLC)	p. 79
The HDLC Frame	p. 79
The FCS Check	p. 83
Error-Checking Example	p. 84
Options on Retransmissions	p. 85
Example of Link Error Recovery	p. 87
End-to-End Error Recovery by TCP	p. 88
Summary	p. 90
Chapter 3 Internet Local Area Networks (LANs)	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
What is a LAN?	p. 91
Notations to Describe LANs	p. 92
Topologies	p. 92
IEEE Standards	p. 93
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) LANs	p. 95
CSMA/CD Protocol Stacks	p. 96
Ethernet	p. 97
CSMA/CD Frames	p. 98
Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP)	p. 99
CSMA/CD in Action	p. 100
Ethernet Layers	p. 101
The Various CSMA/CD Standards	p. 102
The Token Ring Network	p. 103
The Ring Configuration	p. 103
FDDI	p. 105
FDDI Configuration	p. 106
The FDDI Layers	p. 108
Example of FDDI Operations	p. 109
FDDI Backbones	p. 112
Switched LANs	p. 113
Fast Ethernet	p. 114
Comparing Ethernet and Fast Ethernet	p. 116
Fast Ethernet and the Layered Model	p. 117
Auto-Negotiation	p. 123
Gigabit Ethernet	p. 124
Summary	p. 125
Chapter 4 Internet Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Introduction	p. 127
Typical Functions of a WAN Network Layer	p. 127
WAN Interfaces	p. 128
Placement of Functions	p. 129
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Networks	p. 130
Examples of Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols	p. 132
Relaying Data through the WAN	p. 133
Circuit Switching	p. 134
Message Switching	p. 134
Packet Switching	p. 135
Frame Relay	p. 136
Cell Relay	p. 137
Comparing WAN Technologies	p. 138
X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM Virtual Circuits	p. 140
Mapping IP Addresses to "Labels": Label or Tag Switching	p. 141
Summary	p. 142
Chapter 5 IP and ICMP	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Attributes of IP	p. 143
Processing the Datagram	p. 144
Example of a Routing Table	p. 145
Adding and Removing Entries in the Routing Table	p. 147
Secondary Addresses in the Table	p. 147
The IP Header	p. 148
The Type of Service (TOS) Field	p. 149
The Fragmentation Fields	p. 150
The Time-to-Live Field	p. 151
The Protocol ID Field	p. 152
The Header Checksum	p. 152
The IP Addresses	p. 153
More Information on the Options Field	p. 153
Subnetting	p. 156
Address Aggregation	p. 157
CIDR	p. 159
Variable Length Submasks (VLSMs)	p. 160
Address Processing Overhead	p. 161
Fragmentation Examples	p. 165
ICMP	p. 169
Time-to-Live	p. 170
Destination Unreachable	p. 170
Redirect	p. 171
Router Discovery	p. 172
Pings	p. 173
IPv6	p. 173
Design Intent for IPv6	p. 173
Hierarchical Address	p. 175
Format of IPv6 Datagram	p. 177
Extension Headers	p. 178
ICMP and IPv6	p. 179
Transition to IPv6	p. 180
Summary	p. 183
Appendix to Chapter 5	p. 183
IPv6-Related RFCs	p. 183
Chapter 6 TCP and UDP	p. 188
Introduction	p. 188
Protocol Placement of TCP and UDP	p. 188
TCP: End-to-End Communications	p. 189
Internet Traffic Characteristics	p. 191
Arrival of Traffic	p. 191
Bulk and Interactive Traffic	p. 192
Internet Ports	p. 194
Internet Ports	p. 195
Examples of Port Operations	p. 196
Sockets	p. 198
TCP and Interactive Traffic	p. 199
TCP and Bulk Traffic	p. 200
The TCP Header (Segment)	p. 201
The TCP Open	p. 205
TCP Data Transfer Operations	p. 206
TCP Close	p. 207
Another Look at Bulk and Interactive Traffic	p. 208
TCP Traffic Management Examples	p. 208
TCP Timer	p. 214
Round Trip Time (RTT)	p. 215
Nagle's Algorithm ReExamined	p. 215
The Slow Start	p. 217
Congestion Window and Threshold Size	p. 218
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP)	p. 219
The UDP Header	p. 220
Interfaces to TCP and UDP	p. 221
Example of Socket Calls	p. 221
Summary	p. 223
Chapter 7 The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)	p. 224
Introduction	p. 224
Why PPP Was Implemented	p. 224
PPP and Associated Protocols	p. 225
Major Functions of LCP	p. 226
HDLC Formats	p. 227
Key Terms	p. 228
PPP Frame Format	p. 230
Auto-Detect Operations	p. 230
The PPP Phases	p. 231
Link Dead (Physical Layer Not Ready)	p. 232
Link Establishment Phase	p. 232
Authentication Phase	p. 232
Network Layer Protocol Phase	p. 232
Link Termination Phase	p. 233
The PPP Protocol Data Unit	p. 234
The LCP Packets	p. 235
LCP Options	p. 236
IPCP for IP Support	p. 236
PPP Authentication	p. 238
PAP	p. 238
CHAP	p. 239
IPv6CP	p. 239
L2TP	p. 241
L2TP Terms and Concepts	p. 242
L2TP Configuration	p. 242
L2TP Tunnels	p. 243
L2TP Protocol Stack	p. 243
Examples of L2TP Operations	p. 245
Other Information on PPP and L2TP	p. 247
Summary	p. 247
Chapter 8 Routing Protocols	p. 248
Introduction	p. 248
The Routing Domain	p. 248
Multiple Routing Domains	p. 250
Routing and Forwarding	p. 250
Example of a Routing Table	p. 251
Protocol Stacks	p. 252
A Confusing Term: Gateway	p. 253
Types of Routing Protocols	p. 254
Distance Vector	p. 254
Link State Metric	p. 254
Design Goals	p. 255
Static, Stub, and Default Routes	p. 256
Distance Vector Protocols	p. 257
Link State Metric Protocols	p. 258
Shortest Path First Operations	p. 260
Autonomous Systems (ASs)	p. 265
AS Number Assignments	p. 266
EGPs and IGPs	p. 266
Multiple Routing Protocols	p. 268
Summary of Routing Protocols	p. 268
How the Internet Operates with the Routing Protocols	p. 269
Levels of Access	p. 270
Peering Through the Routing Protocols	p. 271
Summary	p. 274
Chapter 9 Internet Security	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
The Security Problem	p. 275
Security Definitions	p. 276
IPSec	p. 277
Types of SAs: Transport Mode and Tunnel Mode	p. 279
IPSec Cases	p. 281
Placement of IPSec	p. 283
Types of Internet Security Services	p. 283
Types of Security Problems	p. 285
Virus	p. 285
Worm	p. 285
Trojan Horse	p. 286
Bomb	p. 286
Trap Door	p. 287
Salami Attack	p. 287
Firewalls	p. 288
Firewall Implementations	p. 288
NCSA Guidance	p. 291
Managed Firewall Services (MFWS)	p. 292
IPSec and Firewalls	p. 294
Security Mechanisms	p. 295
Hash Operations	p. 295
Public Keys	p. 297
Session Key	p. 300
Key Certification	p. 300
RADIUS	p. 304
Problems with RADIUS	p. 305
DIAMETER	p. 306
Summary	p. 306
Chapter 10 Network Management	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
Importance of Standards	p. 307
Key Terms	p. 308
Placement of Network Management Components	p. 309
The Layered Internet Management Model	p. 309
Object Identifiers (OIDs)	p. 310
OID Examples	p. 311
Examples of Network Management Operations	p. 312
GET	p. 313
GET RESPONSE	p. 313
SET	p. 313
NOTIFY (the TRAP)	p. 315
The MIB	p. 316
The MIB-based Message	p. 316
MIB Registrations	p. 318
Example of SNMP Use of OIDs	p. 319
SNMPv1 and SNMPv2	p. 320
SNMPv1 and SNMPv2 Message Exchanges	p. 321
SNMPv1 Table Access	p. 321
SNMPv2 Table Access	p. 323
MIB Object Groups	p. 324
Examples of SNMP Messages	p. 326
RMON	p. 328
Summary	p. 330
Chapter 11 Voice over IP (VoIP)	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
Internet Telephony and Packetized Voice	p. 331
Why Internet Telephony?	p. 331
The Business Case	p. 332
Universal Presence of IP	p. 335
Maturation of Technologies	p. 336
The Shift to Data Networks	p. 336
Why Use IP for Telephony Traffic?	p. 337
Barriers to Successful Deployment of IP Telephony	p. 337
VoIP in the Internet and in Private Internets	p. 338
The Question: Not If, But How?	p. 338
Configuration Options	p. 339
Problems with the Configurations	p. 342
Private VoIP Networks	p. 342
The Next Step	p. 344
E-com and IP-based Call Centers	p. 345
Configuration and Topology Choices	p. 348
Summary	p. 349
Appendix A Basics of the Layered Model	p. 350
Appendix B Basics of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)	p. 360
Abbreviations	p. 366
Index	p. 369

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Table of Contents