Law and the information superhighway

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Make sure you're on the cutting edge of cyberspace law and emerging technologies. With Law And The Information Superhighway, Second Edition, you'll get detailed discussions of intellectual property, access rights, tort and criminal liability, and privacy. There's also a thorough analysis of the major legal issues that arise as the National Information Infrastructure (NII) matures. And you'll get a wealth of checklists, sample agreements, and much more! Annual updates keep pace with the rapidly changing regulatory environment, In the U.S. And internationally, As the Internet systems of the world.

Preface to the Second Edition	p. xxv
Preface to the First Edition	p. xxvii
Acknowledgments	p. xxxi
Short Reference List	p. xxxiii
Chapter 1 National Information Infrastructure as a Source of Legal Issues	p. 1
1.01 Introduction and Nature of Problems	p. 3
1.02 Basic Technological Terms and Concepts	p. 4
[A] Computers	p. 4
[B] Networks	p. 5
[C] Communications	p. 9
[D] Software	p. 10
[E] Compatibility and Standards	p. 10
[F] Newsgroups	p. 11
[G] World Wide Web	p. 12
[H] Security	p. 13
1.03 What is the NII?	p. 13
[A] Changing Information Architectures	p. 14
[B] Wireless Technologies	p. 15
[C] Cellular Telephone	p. 15
[D] Personal Communications Systems	p. 16
[E] Satellite Systems	p. 17
[F] Internet as Model for the NII	p. 18
[G] Internet and Telephone System	p. 20
[H] New Forms of Electronic Publishing	p. 22
1.04 Legal Status of the Four Traditional Categories	p. 25
1.05 Effect of Digital Phenomena	p. 27
[A] Fast Replication	p. 28
[B] Computer Networks	p. 28
1.06 Commercializing the Internet	p. 31
1.07 What's New	p. 33
[A] Convergence of Technologies	p. 33
[B] Collapse of Old Boundaries	p. 34
[C] Communications or Information Processing?	p. 34
[D] Basic or Enhanced Services?	p. 34
[E] Raw Information or Value-Added?	p. 35
[F] Atomization	p. 35
1.08 What's Not New	p. 36
Chapter 2 Access to Networks and Facilities	p. 39
2.01 Introduction and Description of the Problem	p. 41
[A] Three kinds of Access Problems	p. 42
[B] Access by Suppliers and Consumers	p. 43
[C] Common Foci of Major Legal Doctrines	p. 44
2.02 Sources of Right	p. 45
2.03 FCC Common Carrier Regulation	p. 47
2.04 Who Was a Common-Law Common Carrier?	p. 54
2.05 Common Law Nondiscrimination Obligation	p. 60
2.06 Application of Common Carrier Principles to Digital Network Technologies	p. 61
[A] Holding-Out Factors	p. 62
[B] Market Structure Factors	p. 63
[C] Narrowed Statutory and Public Contract Duty	p. 63
2.07 Enforcing Express and Implied Contracts	p. 64
2.08 Cable	p. 70
2.09 Peering	p. 70
2.10 Antitrust	p. 71
[A] Joint Ventures	p. 72
[B] Tying Arrangements	p. 75
[C] Exclusive Dealing	p. 79
[D] Vertical Exclusive Arrangements	p. 80
[E] Horizontal Exclusive Dealing Arrangements	p. 82
[F] Essential Facilities	p. 84
[G] Monopolization: The Microsoft Case	p. 90
[H] Bad Faith Assertions of Intellectual Property	p. 90
[I] Access by Spammers	p. 91
[J] Antitrust Requirements for Self-Governance	p. 94
[K] Satellite Access	p. 99
2.11 Trespass and Entry	p. 101
2.12 Eminent Domain and Condemnation of Intellectual Property	p. 101
2.13 Privileges and Immunities	p. 103
2.14 Role of Competition	p. 104
2.15 Domain Name Registration Systems	p. 105
2.16 Sample Statement of Access Rights	p. 108
2.17 Sample Access Agreement	p. 109
2.18 Sample Electronic Publishing Agreement	p. 110
Chapter 3 Privacy	p. 111
3.01 Introduction and Description of the Problem	p. 113
3.02 Legal Relationships and Interests	p. 114
3.03 Codes of Good Practice	p. 118
3.04 Common-Law Invasion of Privacy	p. 121
3.05 Electronic Communications Privacy Act: Background and Structure	p. 128
[A] Interception, Use, and Disclosure of Communications Streams	p. 130
[B] Interception Devices	p. 135
[C] Stored Communications	p. 136
[D] Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices	p. 139
[E] ECPA Cases and Hypotheticals	p. 140
[F] ECPA Remedies	p. 147
[G] Carnivore	p. 147
3.06 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act	p. 148
3.07 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Modernization Act	p. 150
3.08 Cable Communications Policy Act	p. 152
3.09 Privacy of Health Information	p. 154
3.10 State Data Protection Laws	p. 155
3.11 Privacy Act	p. 157
3.12 Fair Credit Reporting Act	p. 162
3.13 Financial Records Privacy Act	p. 165
3.14 Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998	p. 167
3.15 Constitutional Protection	p. 170
3.16 State Statutes Limiting Insurance Information Disclosure	p. 171
3.17 Effect of Unintended Disclosure	p. 171
[A] Breach of Confidentiality	p. 172
[B] Waiver of Attorney-Client Privilege	p. 174
3.18 Seal Programs and Other Self-Regulatory Approaches	p. 175
3.19 European Initiatives	p. 176
3.20 Future U.S. Legal Initiatives	p. 185
3.21 Spam	p. 186
3.22 Basic Approaches: Property or Tort?	p. 187
3.23 Transactional Records Versus Content: Data Aggregation	p. 190
3.24 Compliance Procedures	p. 191
3.25 Privacy Under the 1996 Act	p. 192
3.26 Procedural Issues	p. 192
3.27 Anonymity	p. 193
3.28 Encryption as a Solution	p. 194
3.29 CALEA	p. 195
3.30 Privacy Audit Checklist	p. 197
3.31 Model Statement of Privacy Rights	p. 198
3.32 Sample Email and File Storage Agreement Provisos	p. 199
Chapter 4 Liability for Harmful Communications	p. 201
4.01 Introduction and Description of the Problem	p. 203
4.02 Legal Position of Intermediaries	p. 204
4.03 Early Questions of Intermediary Liability and Section 230	p. 209
4.04 Types of Information Torts	p. 217
[A] Defamation	p. 217
[B] Intentional or Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress	p. 218
[C] Invasion of Privacy	p. 219
[D] Negligence	p. 220
4.05 Third-Party Beneficiary of Contract	p. 222
4.06 Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations	p. 223
4.07 Direct Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights	p. 223
4.08 Contributory Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights	p. 226
4.09 Digital Millennium Copyright Act Protection of Intermediaries	p. 227
4.10 Strict Products Liability	p. 228
[A] Publishers and Strict Liability	p. 230
[B] Application of Strict Products Liability to Charts and Maps	p. 231
[C] Design and Manufacturing Defects	p. 233
[D] Strict Products Liability of Retailers	p. 236
[1] Origins of Retailer Strict Products Liability	p. 236
[2] Indemnification: Fault Returns	p. 238
[3] Statutory and Common-Law Reform	p. 239
[E] Leases	p. 241
[F] Strict Liability and First Amendment Considerations	p. 242
4.11 Fair Credit Reporting Act Obligations	p. 243
4.12 False Advertising	p. 245
4.13 Trespass	p. 250
4.14 Liability Resulting from Self-Help Remedies	p. 250
[A] Tort	p. 250
[B] Antitrust	p. 253
4.15 Availability of Sovereign Immunity	p. 254
[A] Sovereign Immunity in General	p. 254
[B] Derivative Sovereign Immunity for Government Contractors	p. 255
[C] Privity of Contract	p. 256
4.16 Liability of Employers	p. 257
4.17 Model Disclaimer Language	p. 260
4.18 Notice of Lack of Control of Third Parties	p. 260
4.19 Language Disclaiming Third-Party Beneficiaries	p. 261
Chapter 5 Liability for Service Failures	p. 263
5.01 Introduction and Description of the Problem	p. 265
5.02 Breach of Contract	p. 265
5.03 Coverage by UCC Article 2	p. 266
5.04 UCITA	p. 266
5.05 Warranty Concepts	p. 268
5.06 Disclaimer of Warranties	p. 273
5.07 Statutory Immunities: Year 2000 Liability	p. 274
5.08 Licensing	p. 274
[A] Licenses and the First Sale Doctrine	p. 276
[B] Licensing and Antitrust	p. 276
5.09 Relationship Among Contract, Warranty, and Tort Theories	p. 280
5.10 Checklist for License Agreement	p. 287
5.11 Negligence Standards in Evaluating Breach	p. 288
5.12 Warranties and Usage of Trade	p. 289
5.13 Disclaimers of Warranties in Computer Cases	p. 291
5.14 Fraudulent Misrepresentation	p. 296
[A] Fraud in the Inducement	p. 301
5.15 Consumer Protection Principles	p. 302
5.16 Electronic Regulation of Performance	p. 308
5.17 Minor System Failures	p. 309
5.18 Damages Generally	p. 309
5.19 Tariff Limitations	p. 315
5.20 Model Disclaimer Language	p. 318
Chapter 6 Constitutional Considerations	p. 325
6.01 Overview of Constitutional Concepts	p. 327
6.02 First Amendment: Introduction	p. 328
[A] State Action Requirement	p. 331
[B] Expressive Versus Functional Speech or Conduct	p. 332
[C] Commercial Speech	p. 333
[D] Least Restrictive Means	p. 336
6.03 First Amendment as a Shield: Blocking Access Duties	p. 336
6.04 First Amendment as Limitation on Private Rights and Remedies	p. 339
[A] Indecent Conduct	p. 340
[B] Telephone Company Video Production for Cable	p. 344
[C] Limiting Liability for Harmful Content	p. 345
[D] Communications Decency Act of 1996	p. 347
[E] Child Online Protection Act	p. 354
6.05 Prior Restraint and Copyright	p. 355
6.06 Constitutionality of Filters	p. 357
6.07 Conflict Between First Amendment and Antitrust Principles	p. 358
6.08 First Amendment as a Sword: Source of Private Duty	p. 360
6.09 Media Ride Along	p. 371
6.10 Fourth Amendment Issues	p. 371
6.11 Property Rights	p. 374
6.12 Burdens on Interstate Commerce	p. 376
6.13 Eminent Domain for Rights-of-Way	p. 379
6.14 Condemnation and Eminent Domain in Intellectual Property	p. 385
Chapter 7 Regulation	p. 389
7.01 Nature of the Problem and Introduction	p. 391
[A] Competition's Role	p. 392
[B] Institutional Mechanisms for Price Regulation	p. 396
[C] New Forms of Regulation	p. 397
7.02 Legal Overview	p. 397
7.03 Telecommunications Act of 1996	p. 399
7.04 Common Carrier Regulation	p. 400
[A] Evolution of Title II Before 1996 Act	p. 401
[B] New Duties of Telecommunications Carriers Under 1996 Act: In General	p. 406
[C] Open Network Access	p. 408
[1] Interconnection	p. 409
[2] Access to Network Elements	p. 410
[3] Resale	p. 416
[4] CMRS	p. 417
[5] New Definitions	p. 417
[6] Interconnection Issues	p. 417
[D] Number Assignment and Administration	p. 418
[E] Freedom of Entry	p. 418
[F] Universal Service	p. 419
[G] Compatibility and Standards	p. 420
[H] Cross-Subsidies	p. 421
[I] Long-Distance Freedom of Entry	p. 421
[J] Electronic Publishing by BOCs	p. 424
[K] Cross-Subsidy of Pay Phone Services	p. 425
[L] Tariffs	p. 425
[M] Price Cap Regulation	p. 428
[N] Interexchange Access Charges	p. 430
7.05 Radio Regulation	p. 433
[A] Broadcast Regulation	p. 433
[B] Broadcast Regulation Under 1996 Act	p. 437
[C] Other Radio Regulation	p. 439
[1] Spectrum Auctions	p. 440
[2] Cellular Telephone Regulation	p. 441
[3] Satellite Communications	p. 442
[a] Direct Satellite Broadcasts	p. 442
[b] Regulation of Satellite Communication Infrastructure	p. 443
[4] New Wireless Services	p. 446
7.06 Cable Regulation	p. 447
[A] Cable Services Under 1996 Act	p. 453
[B] Other Changes in Regulatory Structure for Cable	p. 456
[C] Video Dial Tone Services	p. 458
7.07 Antitrust Limitations on Pricing	p. 460
7.08 Future Federal Legislation	p. 475
7.09 Regulatory Reform in General Under 1996 Act	p. 476
[A] Enforcement	p. 477
[B] Disabled Access	p. 478
7.10 State Regulation	p. 479
[A] Judicial Review of State Commission Interconnection Decisions	p. 481
[B] Interconnection in General	p. 483
[C] Zoning	p. 484
7.11 Actions by Other Federal Agencies	p. 484
7.12 FCC Regulation of the Internet	p. 485
[A] Access to PSTN Digital Data Channels	p. 485
[B] Internet Service Provided via Cable	p. 497
[C] Reciprocal Compensation	p. 500
[D] Advanced Technologies	p. 501
[E] Internet Telephony	p. 506
[F] Network Self-Governance	p. 506
[G] Self-Governance: Domain Name Registration	p. 519
[1] ICANN Memorandum of Understanding	p. 521
[2] ICANN Dispute Resolution Machinery and Enforcement Issues	p. 528
Chapter 8 Interoperability and Compatibility	p. 531
8.01 Description of the Problem and Introduction	p. 533
8.02 Infrastructure and Interoperability Requirements	p. 534
8.03 Economics of Standard Setting	p. 536
8.04 Legal Framework for Imposing Standards	p. 538
[A] FCC's CEI and ONA Rules	p. 539
[B] CMRS Interconnections	p. 540
[C] Enhanced Service Provider Obligations Under the Communications Act	p. 542
[D] Address Assignment	p. 542
[E] International Wireless Standards	p. 544
[F] Encryption Infrastructure	p. 544
[G] FCC Standard Setting Authority	p. 544
8.05 Private Standards Agreements Under Sherman Act with Government Involvement	p. 545
[A] Private Standards Under Sherman Act	p. 549
[B] Adoption of Proprietary Standards as Sherman Act Monopolization Violations	p. 552
8.06 Federal Contract Requirements	p. 554
8.07 Functional Versus Technical Standards	p. 556
Chapter 9 Electronic Commerce: Authentication and Electronic Contracting	p. 559
9.01 Nature of the Problem	p. 561
[A] Repudiation Examples	p. 563
[B] Contract Formation	p. 564
[C] Contract Interpretation	p. 569
9.02 UCITA	p. 571
9.03 Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act	p. 574
9.04 Uniform Electronic Transaction Act (UETA)	p. 576
9.05 Agency	p. 578
9.06 Formalities: Traditional Solutions to Offer-and-Acceptance and Interpretation Problems	p. 581
[A] Statute of Frauds: Signatures and Writings	p. 584
[B] Attestation	p. 586
[C] Contracts Under Seal	p. 587
[D] Authentication	p. 587
[E] Notarization	p. 587
9.07 Encryption and Digital Signatures	p. 588
[A] Public Key Encryption	p. 590
[B] Certificate Authorities	p. 592
9.08 Separate Trading Partner Agreements	p. 594
9.09 Electronic Funds Transfer	p. 595
[A] UCC Article 4A	p. 596
[B] Federal Reserve Regulations	p. 600
[C] Electronic Funds Transfer Act	p. 602
9.10 Article 8 and the Move Away from Document-Based Commercial Transaction Systems	p. 603
9.11 Payment Mechanisms	p. 605
[A] Credit Cards in the GII	p. 610
[B] Credit Card Charge Backs	p. 611
9.12 Offering Securities Through the Internet	p. 614
9.13 Bandwidth Trades	p. 619
9.14 Computer Voting	p. 619
9.15 Electronic Auctions Under Article 9	p. 619
9.16 Chattel Paper Under Article 9	p. 620
9.17 Draft Language for Electronic Offers of Contracts	p. 620
Chapter 10 Intellectual Property	p. 623
10.01 The Problem: Information as a Commodity	p. 625
10.02 Economics of Intellectual Property	p. 628
10.03 Copyright	p. 630
[A] Scope of Protection	p. 632
[B] Fixation Requirement	p. 639
[C] Registration and Deposit	p. 641
[D] Originator and Intermediary Liability	p. 641
[E] Fair Use	p. 650
[F] Misuse Defense	p. 651
[G] Gatt-Trip	p. 652
[H] WIPO Treaties	p. 653
[I] EC Copyright Directive	p. 654
[J] 1990s New Copyright Legislation	p. 655
[K] Digital Millennium Copyright Act	p. 656
[1] Copying Devices	p. 662
[2] Recommended Steps to Comply with Digital Millennium Copyright Act	p. 662
[L] Caching and Copyright Protection	p. 662
[M] Works for Hire	p. 665
[N] Importation of Copyrighted Materials	p. 667
10.04 Trademark and Unfair Competition	p. 668
[A] Reverse Passing Off	p. 675
[B] Dilution	p. 678
[C] Trademarks Under Gatt-Trip	p. 679
[D] Internet Addresses (Domain Names) as Trademarks	p. 680
[E] Case Law on Domain Names	p. 682
[F] Meta Data as Trademark Infringement	p. 684
[G] Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act	p. 688
10.05 Trade Secret	p. 689
[A] Trade Secrets Under Gatt-Trip	p. 692
[B] Economic Espionage Act	p. 692
10.06 Patent	p. 696
[A] Patents Under Gatt-Trip	p. 699
[B] Patents in the NII	p. 700
[C] Standard of Review for Patent Office Decisions	p. 702
10.07 Compatibility as Infringement	p. 702
10.08 Web Page Linking/Framing as Infringement	p. 703
[A] Surface Links	p. 703
[B] Deep Links	p. 705
[C] File Links	p. 706
[D] Framing	p. 707
10.09 Preemption	p. 708
[A] Real Events and Factual Information	p. 712
[B] Private Enforcement	p. 715
10.10 State Liability for Infringement	p. 715
10.11 Alternative Protection Methods	p. 715
10.12 Proposed Legal Initiatives	p. 722
10.13 Questions for Intellectual Property in the Internet	p. 724
Chapter 11 Public Information	p. 727
11.01 Introduction and Description of the Problem	p. 729
11.02 Dissemination Duties	p. 734
11.03 Access Rights: Freedom of Information Acts	p. 735
[A] Federal FOIA	p. 736
[1] Agency Records	p. 738
[2] Exceptions to Disclosure	p. 739
[B] State Freedom of Information Law	p. 741
[C] European Freedom of Information	p. 748
[D] FOI Privacy Considerations	p. 749
[E] Sealed Material	p. 750
11.04 Intellectual Property and Exclusivity	p. 751
[A] Trademark Protection	p. 756
11.05 Public Contracting	p. 757
11.06 Constitutional Issues	p. 758
[A] First Amendment	p. 758
[B] Burdens on Interstate Commerce	p. 760
[C] Substantive Due Process and Equal Protection	p. 760
11.07 Antitrust Arguments	p. 761
11.08 International Issues	p. 763
11.09 Pricing Public Information	p. 764
11.10 Strategies for Private Sector Publishers	p. 767
11.11 Internet Voting	p. 768
11.12 Government Web Sites	p. 768
11.13 Draft Principles for Public Information Policy	p. 768
Chapter 12 Civil Dispute Resolution and Procedure	p. 771
12.01 Overview	p. 773
[A] Civil Procedure Issues	p. 773
[B] Historical Relationship Among Jurisdiction, Venue, and Choice of Law	p. 776
12.02 Personal Jurisdiction	p. 779
[A] Obtaining Personal Jurisdiction over Publications	p. 783
[1] Circulation	p. 783
[2] Intentional Conduct Directed at the Forum State	p. 784
[B] Personal Jurisdiction over Internet Activities	p. 788
[C] Jurisdiction-Licensing	p. 795
12.03 Service of Process	p. 796
[A] Electronic Filing	p. 799
[B] Model Service of Process Rule	p. 799
12.04 Venue	p. 800
[A] Forum Selection Clauses	p. 802
12.05 Enforcement of Judgments	p. 804
[A] Geographic Scope of Injunctions	p. 806
[B] Provisional Relief by Injunction and Under the All Writs Act	p. 811
12.06 Choice of Law	p. 812
[A] Adoption of Specialized Legal Principles for the Internet	p. 819
12.07 Factual Example of Procedural Issues	p. 821
12.08 Arbitration	p. 823
[A] Alternative Dispute Resolution	p. 826
[1] Credit Card Charge Backs	p. 827
[2] Ebay's Escrow and Insurance Arrangements	p. 829
[B] WIPO Procedures	p. 830
12.09 Model Forum Selection and Choice of Law Clauses	p. 830
12.10 Discovery of Electronic Formats	p. 833
[A] Attorney-Client Privilege	p. 834
[B] Work Product Privilege	p. 834
[C] Model Request for Production of Electronic Records	p. 835
[D] Definitions for Discovery of Electronic Information	p. 836
[E] Model Request for Production	p. 836
[1] Model Subpoena Duces Tecum Language	p. 838
[2] Model Request to Permit Entry on Land	p. 839
[3] Model Motion to Quash	p. 839
[4] Model Protective Order	p. 840
12.11 Evidence	p. 843
[A] Admissibility of Electronic Information	p. 843
[B] Authentication in General	p. 844
[C] Statute of Frauds	p. 844
[D] Original Documents Rule	p. 848
[E] Business Records Exception to the Hearsay Rule	p. 849
[F] Sample Direct and Cross-Examination Questions for Witness Authenticating Electronic Records	p. 852
[G] Video Depositions	p. 854
[H] Demonstrative Evidence	p. 858
12.12 Video Trials	p. 859
12.13 Indispensable Parties	p. 860
12.14 State Immunity	p. 861
Chapter 13 Criminal Law	p. 863
13.01 Introduction and Nature of Issues	p. 865
13.02 Substantive Crimes	p. 865
[A] Criminal Copyright Infringement	p. 866
[B] Wire Fraud	p. 866
[1] Establishing a Scheme	p. 868
[2] Use of the Mails or Wires in Furthering the Scheme	p. 869
[C] Copyright Infringement as Wire Fraud	p. 871
[D] Computer Fraud and Abuse	p. 872
[E] Unauthorized Access and Disclosure	p. 874
[F] Pornography	p. 874
[G] Transportation of Stolen Property	p. 876
[H] Threatening Communications	p. 877
[I] Crimes Under RICO	p. 878
[J] State Crimes	p. 884
13.03 Procedure	p. 885
[A] Jurisdiction and Venue	p. 885
[B] Extradiction	p. 886
[C] Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Law	p. 887
13.04 Search Warrants	p. 889
[A] Searches and Seizures of Papers and Information	p. 890
[B] Privacy Protection Act	p. 898
[C] Distinction Between Warrants and Subpoenas	p. 899
[D] Obtaining Search Warrants Through Electronic Means	p. 900
[E] ECPA Procedures for Interception	p. 901
[1] Interception of Electronic Communications	p. 901
[2] Access to Stored Electronic Communications	p. 904
[3] Pen-trap Surveillance	p. 907
[4] Judicial Authority and Exclusion	p. 907
[5] Carnivore	p. 908
[F] CALEA	p. 908
13.05 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act	p. 908
13.06 Model Search Warrant Language	p. 912
13.07 Foreign Searches	p. 912
[A] U.S. Crime, Foreign Search	p. 913
[B] U.S. Search, Foreign Crime	p. 918
[C] Impact of Search Not Being Authorized	p. 919
[D] Solutions	p. 922
13.08 Investigatory Data	p. 923
13.09 Damages Actions Under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 for Misuse of Criminal Justice Powers	p. 925
13.10 Seizures and Forfeitures	p. 926
Chapter 14 International Law and Trade	p. 929
14.01 Introduction and Overview	p. 931
14.02 Institutional Arrangements	p. 932
14.03 Types of International Law	p. 937
[A] Treaty Law	p. 937
[B] Customary International Law	p. 939
[C] Jus Cogens	p. 939
14.04 Relationship Between International Law and Domestic Law	p. 940
14.05 GATT and WTO	p. 941
[A] Substantive WTO Provisions	p. 944
14.06 NAFTA	p. 948
14.07 European Union	p. 953
[A] European E-Commerce Directive	p. 962
[B] Germany	p. 964
14.08 Japan	p. 964
14.09 UNCITRAL	p. 965
14.10 International Regulatory Institutions	p. 965
14.11 Export Controls	p. 965
[A] Litigation	p. 971
[B] Legislative Initiatives	p. 976
[C] National Research Council Report	p. 976
[D] Executive Branch Initiatives	p. 977
14.12 Transnational Data Flow Regulations	p. 978
14.13 International Electronic Money Transfer	p. 978
14.14 New Structures for International Regulation of the Internet	p. 982
[A] Chicago-Kent/ABA Internet Jurisdiction Project	p. 984
[B] Committee on Global Networks and Local Values	p. 985
14.15 Competition Regulation	p. 985
14.16 WIPO Trademarks	p. 987
14.17 Enforcing Judgments in Other Countries	p. 987
[A] Draft Hague Judgments Convention	p. 992
14.18 International Arbitration	p. 995
[A] Model International Arbitration Clause	p. 999
14.19 Access to Infrastructure in Other Countries	p. 999
14.20 Border Controls	p. 1000
[A] Screening Alternatives	p. 1000
[B] Feasibility Issues	p. 1002
14.21 Cyber Warfare and Cyber Terrorism	p. 1003
[A] Intelligence Gathering	p. 1003
[B] Cyber Warfare Techniques	p. 1004
[1] Viruses	p. 1005
[2] Denial of Service Attacks	p. 1005
[C] Legality of Cyber Warfare	p. 1006
[1] Cyber Warfare as Terrorism	p. 1006
[2] Cyber Warfare as Economic Sanctions	p. 1006
[3] Cyber Warfare as Use of Force	p. 1006
[4] Cyber Warfare as Jamming	p. 1007
14.22 International Settlement Rates	p. 1009
[A] FCC Authority	p. 1011
[B] Basis of a Domestic Carrier's Duty to Comply	p. 1011
[C] Basis of Any Duty Owed by a Foreign Carrier to Comply	p. 1011
[D] International Internet Connections	p. 1012
14.23 The Global Commons	p. 1013
14.24 U.S. Government Principles	p. 1014
14.25 Foreign Investment Controls	p. 1015
Chapter 15 Taxation of Internet Commerce	p. 1017
15.01 Introduction	p. 1019
15.02 Taxation Within the United States	p. 1019
15.03 Advisory Commission on Electronic Commerce	p. 1023
15.04 International Taxation	p. 1024
Table of Cases	p. 1027
Index	p. 1067

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