The interplay of influence : news, advertising, politics, and the Internet

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010108869	P94 J35 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ KL	30000010122643	P94 J35 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Is there such a thing as unfiltered information? Not in today's age. THE INTERPLAY OF INFLUENCE: NEWS, ADVERTISING, POLITICS, AND THE INTERNET gives you an understanding of how mass media operates in your world and how powerful it can be. And, you'll also discover the shaping role of the Internet in today's mass media. Plus, it's loaded with study tools and helpful reviews so you can get the grade you need in class, too.

1 The Media: An Introduction	p. 1
A Brief History of the Mass Media	p. 4
The Mass Media: Social Systems	p. 5
The Role of Mass Media Advertising	p. 5
The Audience	p. 6
Media and Measurement	p. 6
Television	p. 7
Radio	p. 22
Newspapers	p. 25
Magazines	p. 27
The Internet	p. 29
The New Media Environment	p. 33
Twenty-Four-Hour News	p. 33
Changing Influence of the Press	p. 33
To Sum Up	p. 37
Selected Readings	p. 39
2 What Is News?	p. 40
Hard News Defined	p. 41
1 Hard News Is Personalized, about Individuals	p. 42
2 Hard News Is Dramatic, Conflict-Filled, and Violent	p. 45
3 Hard News Is Action, an Event, an Identifiable Occurrence	p. 48
4 Hard News Is Novel, Deviant, Out of the Ordinary	p. 49
5 Hard News Reports Events Linked to Issues Prevalent in the News at the Time	p. 50
What Is Covered and Reported	p. 54
Audience Interest	p. 54
External Constraints	p. 54
Internal Constraints	p. 61
Changing News Norms	p. 66
Relevance to Governance or Abuse of Power	p. 67
Public Display	p. 67
Hypocrisy Forecast	p. 68
Hypocrisy Added	p. 68
Statute of Limitations	p. 68
Lying and Recency	p. 69
Hypocrisy Broadly Construed	p. 71
How the Story Is Presented	p. 72
Reporter Expertise	p. 72
Fairness and Balance	p. 73
Story Length	p. 74
Story Structure	p. 76
Objectivity	p. 78
To Sum Up	p. 79
Selected Readings	p. 82
3 News as Persuasion	p. 84
Dramatizing and Sensationalizing Content	p. 84
The Screen	p. 84
The Camera	p. 85
Special Effects	p. 87
Editing	p. 88
Filmed and Taped Coverage	p. 90
Anchors and On-Air Reporters	p. 92
Inaccurate and Incomplete Reporting	p. 94
Deadlines and Competition	p. 94
Breaking News	p. 95
Exclusive Breaking News	p. 96
Story Structure	p. 96
Anonymous and Composite Sources, Misrepresented Tape	p. 97
Readers' Advocates	p. 99
News Analysis	p. 101
Media Convergence	p. 102
Unbalanced Interpretation	p. 103
Insinuation through Selection of Language	p. 103
Ideological Bias	p. 104
Self-Censorship	p. 107
Direct Intervention	p. 110
Breaches of Neutrality	p. 110
Producing Social Change	p. 111
Journalists as Direct Participants	p. 111
The Civic Journalism Movement	p. 113
To Sum Up	p. 113
Analysis: Analyzing a News Item	p. 114
Newsworthiness	p. 114
Reporter	p. 114
The News Story	p. 115
Constraints	p. 115
Framing	p. 115
Inclusion/Exclusion	p. 116
Setting	p. 116
Timing	p. 116
Placement	p. 116
Patterns	p. 117
Manipulation	p. 118
Impact	p. 118
Selected Readings	p. 118
4 Influencing the News Media	p. 119
Influencing Journalistic Norms and Routines	p. 119
Manipulating Deadlines	p. 119
Manipulating Access	p. 123
Setting Up a Controlled Channel	p. 126
Manipulating News Assignments	p. 127
Media Competition	p. 128
Using Access to Media to Manipulate the Agenda	p. 129
Expanded Opportunities for Direct Address	p. 129
Language and Symbols	p. 129
The Perils of Live Coverage	p. 134
Prepackaged News	p. 135
Commercial Pressures	p. 140
Costs of Preempting Programming	p. 141
Pressure from Advertisers	p. 143
Threat of Lawsuits	p. 144
Political Pressure	p. 145
Presidential Newsworthiness	p. 146
National Security	p. 147
Government Manipulation	p. 147
To Sum Up	p. 155
Selected Readings	p. 155
5 How Corporate Power Influences What We See	p. 156
A Brief History of Media Consolidation	p. 156
A Focus on Profits	p. 158
Staff Cuts	p. 158
Reduction in Serious Political Content That Draws Low Audiences	p. 162
To Attract Audiences, Definition of News Shifts toward Human Interest	p. 165
Loss of News That Is of Local but Not Regional or National Interest	p. 165
Magnified Pro-Business Message While Minimizing Scrutiny of Parent Corporations	p. 166
Cross-Promotion: Synergy	p. 167
Fewer Voices Providing News	p. 168
To Sum Up	p. 169
Selected Readings	p. 170
6 What Is Advertising?	p. 171
Defining Advertising	p. 172
Shifting Ad Placement	p. 173
Product Placement	p. 173
Blurring Program and Ad Content	p. 174
Incentives to View Ads	p. 174
Mediated Advertising	p. 178
Kinds of Traditional Mass Media Advertising	p. 180
Product Ads	p. 180
The Product as Ad	p. 181
Service Ads	p. 181
Goodwill Ads	p. 182
Advocacy Ads	p. 183
Direct-Response Ads (Infomercials)	p. 184
Public Service Announcements	p. 185
Political Ads	p. 186
Issue Advocacy Ads	p. 186
Nontraditional Advertising	p. 186
In-Store Advertising	p. 187
Digital Billboards	p. 187
Search Advertising	p. 187
How to Determine Whether It's an Ad	p. 189
How Ads Reveal the Advertiser	p. 189
How Ads Reveal the Intended Audience	p. 189
Advertising and Reality: Stereotypes	p. 192
Advertising Values	p. 193
The World According to Commercials	p. 193
Seeing the Other Side	p. 196
The Interplay of News and Advertising	p. 196
To Sum Up	p. 197
Selected Reading	p. 197
7 Persuasion Through Advertising	p. 198
The Advertiser's Aims	p. 198
Creating Product Recognition	p. 198
Trademarks	p. 198
Naming	p. 200
Packaging	p. 201
Slogans	p. 201
Differentiation	p. 203
Unique Selling Proposition	p. 203
Association	p. 204
Participation	p. 205
Disentangling Meaning	p. 206
Identification with Ad Characters	p. 206
Significant Experiences	p. 207
Making the Audience an Accomplice	p. 208
Redundancy	p. 212
Repeated Claims	p. 212
Repeated Exposure	p. 214
Advertisers' Strategies for Persuasion	p. 214
Naming the Product	p. 217
Differentiating Products	p. 218
Creating Associations	p. 221
Associations with Celebrities and Authorities	p. 221
Cannibalizing the Past for Associations	p. 222
Associating Media Outlets to Products	p. 228
Exploiting Argumentative Forms to Create Associations and Participation	p. 228
But Does Advertising Work?	p. 232
To Sum Up	p. 232
Selected Readings	p. 233
8 Influencing Advertisers	p. 234
Regulation and Self-Regulation	p. 234
The Federal Trade Commission	p. 234
The Powers of Other State and Federal Agencies	p. 238
The National Advertising Division	p. 240
The National Association of Broadcasters	p. 242
Network Standards	p. 243
Obstacles to Regulation	p. 244
Problems Faced by Regulators	p. 245
Determining Deception	p. 245
Effects of Stricter Regulation	p. 246
What Advertisers May Not Say and Do	p. 247
Limitations on Distortion	p. 247
Limitations Imposed by the Audience	p. 251
To Sum Up	p. 255
Analysis: Analyzing an Ad	p. 255
What Type of Ad Is It?	p. 255
If the Ad Is a PSA	p. 255
If the Ad Is an Idea Ad (pro-life or pro-choice, for example)	p. 256
If the Ad Advertises a Service Rather Than a Product (for example, travel on a certain airline)	p. 256
If the Ad Is a Goodwill Ad	p. 256
If the Ad Is a Political Ad	p. 256
If the Ad Is a Product Ad	p. 257
Audience	p. 257
Ad Content (not all points apply to PSAs)	p. 257
Assumptions (values presumed in the ad)	p. 258
Programming or Content Sponsored by an Ad	p. 259
Content Surrounding (Contextualizing) an Ad	p. 259
Media Mix	p. 259
Pressure on Advertiser	p. 259
Effect	p. 259
Selected Readings	p. 260
9 How to Influence the Media	p. 261
Individual Complaints	p. 261
Group Pressure	p. 266
Boycotts	p. 266
Legal Actions	p. 270
Promoting Self-Regulation	p. 272
Pressure from an Established Organization	p. 274
Pressure from a Social Movement	p. 276
Creating Legislative Pressure	p. 278
State Level	p. 278
Federal Level	p. 278
To Sum Up	p. 279
Analysis: Constructing a Strategy for Message Distribution	p. 279
Step 1 Isolating the Message	p. 280
Step 2 Defining the Intended Audience	p. 280
Step 3 Determining the Newsworthiness of the Message	p. 280
Step 4 Determining Factors Constraining Release	p. 280
Step 5 Selecting Appropriate Channels	p. 280
Step 6 Adapting the Message to the Channel	p. 281
Step 7 Monitoring Your Success or Failure	p. 281
Selected Readings	p. 281
10 Political Versus Product Campaigns	p. 282
Defining Ads	p. 282
Candidate Access: Free Time	p. 283
What Protects Voters: Responsibility of Journalists	p. 283
Products versus Candidates	p. 284
Using the Media	p. 284
Creating an Image	p. 285
Targeting the Audience	p. 285
Economic versus Political Values	p. 287
Regulation	p. 288
Censorship	p. 288
Equal Opportunity	p. 292
Right to Access	p. 292
Cost and Access	p. 293
Campaign Spending Limits	p. 293
McCain-Feingold: Campaign Finance Reform	p. 294
527s	p. 295
Issue Advocacy	p. 296
Campaign Objectives	p. 298
Voting versus Buying	p. 299
Criteria for Victory	p. 302
Unpaid Coverage	p. 303
Quality	p. 303
Endorsements	p. 304
Financing	p. 304
To Sum Up	p. 304
Selected Readings	p. 304
11 How Has the Internet Changed Politics?	p. 305
How the Interactivity of the Internet Is Changing Politics	p. 305
Increasing Citizen Access to Information	p. 306
The Downside	p. 310
Mainstream as Monitor of the New Medium	p. 312
Democratizing the Production of Content: The Citizen as Content Producer	p. 312
Web Ads	p. 314
To Sum Up	p. 315
Selected Readings	p. 316
12 News and Advertising in the Political Campaign	p. 317
Controlling News Coverage	p. 317
Controlling Media Access	p. 318
Setting the Media's Agenda	p. 318
Creating Credible Pseudo-Events	p. 319
Using Ads to Contextualize News	p. 320
Blurring the Distinction between News and Commercials	p. 321
Exploiting Media Concepts of the Political Process	p. 322
Responding to or Preventing Attack	p. 328
Backlash	p. 329
Last-Minute Attacks	p. 330
Adwatches	p. 331
Responding to Last-Minute Attacks	p. 334
Exploiting Blunders	p. 338
Attacks Legitimized by the Media	p. 339
Enlisting the Help of Journalists	p. 341
Tests of Credibility Applied by Journalists	p. 341
How Has Television Changed Politics?	p. 342
Image versus Issues; Character versus Positions	p. 344
The Comparative Relevance of Character and Stands on Issues	p. 344
The Interplay of Influence: Issues and Character in Ads, News, and Debates	p. 346
Ads	p. 347
News	p. 347
Debates	p. 348
To Sum Up	p. 350
Analysis: Political Ads and News	p. 351
Determining Who Is Newsworthy	p. 351
Determining What Is Covered	p. 351
Relationship of Candidates and Reporters	p. 351
The Image of the Candidate	p. 351
Candidates' Ads	p. 352
Selected Readings	p. 352
Notes	p. 353
Index	p. 369

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