Title:
The interplay of influence : news, advertising, politics, and the Internet
Personal Author:
Edition:
6th ed.
Publication Information:
Belmont, CA : Thomson Wadsworth, 2006
ISBN:
9780534559380
Added Author:
Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010108869 | P94 J35 2006 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
Searching... | 30000010122643 | P94 J35 2006 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
Is there such a thing as unfiltered information? Not in today's age. THE INTERPLAY OF INFLUENCE: NEWS, ADVERTISING, POLITICS, AND THE INTERNET gives you an understanding of how mass media operates in your world and how powerful it can be. And, you'll also discover the shaping role of the Internet in today's mass media. Plus, it's loaded with study tools and helpful reviews so you can get the grade you need in class, too.
Table of Contents
1 The Media: An Introduction | p. 1 |
A Brief History of the Mass Media | p. 4 |
The Mass Media: Social Systems | p. 5 |
The Role of Mass Media Advertising | p. 5 |
The Audience | p. 6 |
Media and Measurement | p. 6 |
Television | p. 7 |
Radio | p. 22 |
Newspapers | p. 25 |
Magazines | p. 27 |
The Internet | p. 29 |
The New Media Environment | p. 33 |
Twenty-Four-Hour News | p. 33 |
Changing Influence of the Press | p. 33 |
To Sum Up | p. 37 |
Selected Readings | p. 39 |
2 What Is News? | p. 40 |
Hard News Defined | p. 41 |
1 Hard News Is Personalized, about Individuals | p. 42 |
2 Hard News Is Dramatic, Conflict-Filled, and Violent | p. 45 |
3 Hard News Is Action, an Event, an Identifiable Occurrence | p. 48 |
4 Hard News Is Novel, Deviant, Out of the Ordinary | p. 49 |
5 Hard News Reports Events Linked to Issues Prevalent in the News at the Time | p. 50 |
What Is Covered and Reported | p. 54 |
Audience Interest | p. 54 |
External Constraints | p. 54 |
Internal Constraints | p. 61 |
Changing News Norms | p. 66 |
Relevance to Governance or Abuse of Power | p. 67 |
Public Display | p. 67 |
Hypocrisy Forecast | p. 68 |
Hypocrisy Added | p. 68 |
Statute of Limitations | p. 68 |
Lying and Recency | p. 69 |
Hypocrisy Broadly Construed | p. 71 |
How the Story Is Presented | p. 72 |
Reporter Expertise | p. 72 |
Fairness and Balance | p. 73 |
Story Length | p. 74 |
Story Structure | p. 76 |
Objectivity | p. 78 |
To Sum Up | p. 79 |
Selected Readings | p. 82 |
3 News as Persuasion | p. 84 |
Dramatizing and Sensationalizing Content | p. 84 |
The Screen | p. 84 |
The Camera | p. 85 |
Special Effects | p. 87 |
Editing | p. 88 |
Filmed and Taped Coverage | p. 90 |
Anchors and On-Air Reporters | p. 92 |
Inaccurate and Incomplete Reporting | p. 94 |
Deadlines and Competition | p. 94 |
Breaking News | p. 95 |
Exclusive Breaking News | p. 96 |
Story Structure | p. 96 |
Anonymous and Composite Sources, Misrepresented Tape | p. 97 |
Readers' Advocates | p. 99 |
News Analysis | p. 101 |
Media Convergence | p. 102 |
Unbalanced Interpretation | p. 103 |
Insinuation through Selection of Language | p. 103 |
Ideological Bias | p. 104 |
Self-Censorship | p. 107 |
Direct Intervention | p. 110 |
Breaches of Neutrality | p. 110 |
Producing Social Change | p. 111 |
Journalists as Direct Participants | p. 111 |
The Civic Journalism Movement | p. 113 |
To Sum Up | p. 113 |
Analysis: Analyzing a News Item | p. 114 |
Newsworthiness | p. 114 |
Reporter | p. 114 |
The News Story | p. 115 |
Constraints | p. 115 |
Framing | p. 115 |
Inclusion/Exclusion | p. 116 |
Setting | p. 116 |
Timing | p. 116 |
Placement | p. 116 |
Patterns | p. 117 |
Manipulation | p. 118 |
Impact | p. 118 |
Selected Readings | p. 118 |
4 Influencing the News Media | p. 119 |
Influencing Journalistic Norms and Routines | p. 119 |
Manipulating Deadlines | p. 119 |
Manipulating Access | p. 123 |
Setting Up a Controlled Channel | p. 126 |
Manipulating News Assignments | p. 127 |
Media Competition | p. 128 |
Using Access to Media to Manipulate the Agenda | p. 129 |
Expanded Opportunities for Direct Address | p. 129 |
Language and Symbols | p. 129 |
The Perils of Live Coverage | p. 134 |
Prepackaged News | p. 135 |
Commercial Pressures | p. 140 |
Costs of Preempting Programming | p. 141 |
Pressure from Advertisers | p. 143 |
Threat of Lawsuits | p. 144 |
Political Pressure | p. 145 |
Presidential Newsworthiness | p. 146 |
National Security | p. 147 |
Government Manipulation | p. 147 |
To Sum Up | p. 155 |
Selected Readings | p. 155 |
5 How Corporate Power Influences What We See | p. 156 |
A Brief History of Media Consolidation | p. 156 |
A Focus on Profits | p. 158 |
Staff Cuts | p. 158 |
Reduction in Serious Political Content That Draws Low Audiences | p. 162 |
To Attract Audiences, Definition of News Shifts toward Human Interest | p. 165 |
Loss of News That Is of Local but Not Regional or National Interest | p. 165 |
Magnified Pro-Business Message While Minimizing Scrutiny of Parent Corporations | p. 166 |
Cross-Promotion: Synergy | p. 167 |
Fewer Voices Providing News | p. 168 |
To Sum Up | p. 169 |
Selected Readings | p. 170 |
6 What Is Advertising? | p. 171 |
Defining Advertising | p. 172 |
Shifting Ad Placement | p. 173 |
Product Placement | p. 173 |
Blurring Program and Ad Content | p. 174 |
Incentives to View Ads | p. 174 |
Mediated Advertising | p. 178 |
Kinds of Traditional Mass Media Advertising | p. 180 |
Product Ads | p. 180 |
The Product as Ad | p. 181 |
Service Ads | p. 181 |
Goodwill Ads | p. 182 |
Advocacy Ads | p. 183 |
Direct-Response Ads (Infomercials) | p. 184 |
Public Service Announcements | p. 185 |
Political Ads | p. 186 |
Issue Advocacy Ads | p. 186 |
Nontraditional Advertising | p. 186 |
In-Store Advertising | p. 187 |
Digital Billboards | p. 187 |
Search Advertising | p. 187 |
How to Determine Whether It's an Ad | p. 189 |
How Ads Reveal the Advertiser | p. 189 |
How Ads Reveal the Intended Audience | p. 189 |
Advertising and Reality: Stereotypes | p. 192 |
Advertising Values | p. 193 |
The World According to Commercials | p. 193 |
Seeing the Other Side | p. 196 |
The Interplay of News and Advertising | p. 196 |
To Sum Up | p. 197 |
Selected Reading | p. 197 |
7 Persuasion Through Advertising | p. 198 |
The Advertiser's Aims | p. 198 |
Creating Product Recognition | p. 198 |
Trademarks | p. 198 |
Naming | p. 200 |
Packaging | p. 201 |
Slogans | p. 201 |
Differentiation | p. 203 |
Unique Selling Proposition | p. 203 |
Association | p. 204 |
Participation | p. 205 |
Disentangling Meaning | p. 206 |
Identification with Ad Characters | p. 206 |
Significant Experiences | p. 207 |
Making the Audience an Accomplice | p. 208 |
Redundancy | p. 212 |
Repeated Claims | p. 212 |
Repeated Exposure | p. 214 |
Advertisers' Strategies for Persuasion | p. 214 |
Naming the Product | p. 217 |
Differentiating Products | p. 218 |
Creating Associations | p. 221 |
Associations with Celebrities and Authorities | p. 221 |
Cannibalizing the Past for Associations | p. 222 |
Associating Media Outlets to Products | p. 228 |
Exploiting Argumentative Forms to Create Associations and Participation | p. 228 |
But Does Advertising Work? | p. 232 |
To Sum Up | p. 232 |
Selected Readings | p. 233 |
8 Influencing Advertisers | p. 234 |
Regulation and Self-Regulation | p. 234 |
The Federal Trade Commission | p. 234 |
The Powers of Other State and Federal Agencies | p. 238 |
The National Advertising Division | p. 240 |
The National Association of Broadcasters | p. 242 |
Network Standards | p. 243 |
Obstacles to Regulation | p. 244 |
Problems Faced by Regulators | p. 245 |
Determining Deception | p. 245 |
Effects of Stricter Regulation | p. 246 |
What Advertisers May Not Say and Do | p. 247 |
Limitations on Distortion | p. 247 |
Limitations Imposed by the Audience | p. 251 |
To Sum Up | p. 255 |
Analysis: Analyzing an Ad | p. 255 |
What Type of Ad Is It? | p. 255 |
If the Ad Is a PSA | p. 255 |
If the Ad Is an Idea Ad (pro-life or pro-choice, for example) | p. 256 |
If the Ad Advertises a Service Rather Than a Product (for example, travel on a certain airline) | p. 256 |
If the Ad Is a Goodwill Ad | p. 256 |
If the Ad Is a Political Ad | p. 256 |
If the Ad Is a Product Ad | p. 257 |
Audience | p. 257 |
Ad Content (not all points apply to PSAs) | p. 257 |
Assumptions (values presumed in the ad) | p. 258 |
Programming or Content Sponsored by an Ad | p. 259 |
Content Surrounding (Contextualizing) an Ad | p. 259 |
Media Mix | p. 259 |
Pressure on Advertiser | p. 259 |
Effect | p. 259 |
Selected Readings | p. 260 |
9 How to Influence the Media | p. 261 |
Individual Complaints | p. 261 |
Group Pressure | p. 266 |
Boycotts | p. 266 |
Legal Actions | p. 270 |
Promoting Self-Regulation | p. 272 |
Pressure from an Established Organization | p. 274 |
Pressure from a Social Movement | p. 276 |
Creating Legislative Pressure | p. 278 |
State Level | p. 278 |
Federal Level | p. 278 |
To Sum Up | p. 279 |
Analysis: Constructing a Strategy for Message Distribution | p. 279 |
Step 1 Isolating the Message | p. 280 |
Step 2 Defining the Intended Audience | p. 280 |
Step 3 Determining the Newsworthiness of the Message | p. 280 |
Step 4 Determining Factors Constraining Release | p. 280 |
Step 5 Selecting Appropriate Channels | p. 280 |
Step 6 Adapting the Message to the Channel | p. 281 |
Step 7 Monitoring Your Success or Failure | p. 281 |
Selected Readings | p. 281 |
10 Political Versus Product Campaigns | p. 282 |
Defining Ads | p. 282 |
Candidate Access: Free Time | p. 283 |
What Protects Voters: Responsibility of Journalists | p. 283 |
Products versus Candidates | p. 284 |
Using the Media | p. 284 |
Creating an Image | p. 285 |
Targeting the Audience | p. 285 |
Economic versus Political Values | p. 287 |
Regulation | p. 288 |
Censorship | p. 288 |
Equal Opportunity | p. 292 |
Right to Access | p. 292 |
Cost and Access | p. 293 |
Campaign Spending Limits | p. 293 |
McCain-Feingold: Campaign Finance Reform | p. 294 |
527s | p. 295 |
Issue Advocacy | p. 296 |
Campaign Objectives | p. 298 |
Voting versus Buying | p. 299 |
Criteria for Victory | p. 302 |
Unpaid Coverage | p. 303 |
Quality | p. 303 |
Endorsements | p. 304 |
Financing | p. 304 |
To Sum Up | p. 304 |
Selected Readings | p. 304 |
11 How Has the Internet Changed Politics? | p. 305 |
How the Interactivity of the Internet Is Changing Politics | p. 305 |
Increasing Citizen Access to Information | p. 306 |
The Downside | p. 310 |
Mainstream as Monitor of the New Medium | p. 312 |
Democratizing the Production of Content: The Citizen as Content Producer | p. 312 |
Web Ads | p. 314 |
To Sum Up | p. 315 |
Selected Readings | p. 316 |
12 News and Advertising in the Political Campaign | p. 317 |
Controlling News Coverage | p. 317 |
Controlling Media Access | p. 318 |
Setting the Media's Agenda | p. 318 |
Creating Credible Pseudo-Events | p. 319 |
Using Ads to Contextualize News | p. 320 |
Blurring the Distinction between News and Commercials | p. 321 |
Exploiting Media Concepts of the Political Process | p. 322 |
Responding to or Preventing Attack | p. 328 |
Backlash | p. 329 |
Last-Minute Attacks | p. 330 |
Adwatches | p. 331 |
Responding to Last-Minute Attacks | p. 334 |
Exploiting Blunders | p. 338 |
Attacks Legitimized by the Media | p. 339 |
Enlisting the Help of Journalists | p. 341 |
Tests of Credibility Applied by Journalists | p. 341 |
How Has Television Changed Politics? | p. 342 |
Image versus Issues; Character versus Positions | p. 344 |
The Comparative Relevance of Character and Stands on Issues | p. 344 |
The Interplay of Influence: Issues and Character in Ads, News, and Debates | p. 346 |
Ads | p. 347 |
News | p. 347 |
Debates | p. 348 |
To Sum Up | p. 350 |
Analysis: Political Ads and News | p. 351 |
Determining Who Is Newsworthy | p. 351 |
Determining What Is Covered | p. 351 |
Relationship of Candidates and Reporters | p. 351 |
The Image of the Candidate | p. 351 |
Candidates' Ads | p. 352 |
Selected Readings | p. 352 |
Notes | p. 353 |
Index | p. 369 |