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Voice and video conferencing fundamentals
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Publication Information:
New York : Cisco Pr., 2007
ISBN:
9781587052682

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30000010157279 HF5734.7 F57 2007 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Voice and Video Conferencing Fundamentals

Design, develop, select, deploy, and support advanced IP-based audio and video conferencing systems

Scott Firestone, Thiya Ramalingam, Steve Fry

As audio and video conferencing move rapidly into the mainstream, customers and end users are demanding unprecedented performance, reliability, scalability, and security. In Voice and Video Conferencing Fundamentals , three leading experts systematically introduce the principles, technologies, and protocols underlying today''s state-of-the-art conferencing systems. Discover how to use these concepts and techniques to deliver unified, presence-enabled services that integrate voice, video, telephony, networks, and the Internet--and enable breakthrough business collaboration.

The authors begin with a clear, concise overview of current voice and video conferencing, including system components, operational modes, endpoints, features, and user interactivity. Next, they illuminate conferencing architectures, offering practical insights for designing today''s complex IP-based conferencing and collaboration systems.

Topics covered in this book include video codecs, media control, SIP and H.323 protocols and applications, lip synchronization in video conferencing, security, and much more. Throughout the book, the authors draw on their extensive experience as Cisco#65533; technical leaders, showing how to avoid the most common pitfalls that arise in planning, deployment, and administration.

Voice and Video Conferencing Fundamentals is for every professional involved with audio or video conferencing: network and system administrators, engineers, technology managers, and Cisco solution partners alike. Whether you''re involved with design, development, selection, implementation, management, or support, you''ll find the in-depth knowledge you need to succeed.

Scott Firestone holds a master''s degree in computer science from MIT and has designed video conferencing and voice products since 1992, resulting in five patents. Thiya Ramalingam is an engineering manager for the Cisco Unified Communications organization. Thiya holds a master''s degree in computer engineering and an MBA degree from San Jose State University. Steve Fry , a technical leader in the Cisco Unified Communication organization, has spent the last several years designing and developing telephony and conferencing products.

Thoroughly understand the fundamentals of audio and video conferencing over IP networks Architect networks for optimal performance and reliability in conferencing applications Leverage new advances in video architecture, from emerging codecs to distributed implementations Understand how SIP and H.323 compare, and when to use each Optimize synchronization between audio and video Secure conferencing traffic without compromising performance or connectivity Learn how to evaluate vendors and make better buying decisions Foreword

Introduction

Chapter 1 Overview of Conferencing Services

Chapter 2 Conferencing System Design and Architecture

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Video Compression

Chapter 4 Media Control and Transport

Chapter 5 Signaling Protocols: Conferencing Using SIP

Chapter 6 Signaling Protocols: Conferencing Using H.

Chapter 7 Lip Synchronization in Video Conferencing

Chapter 8 Security Design in Conferencing

Appendix A Video Codec Standards

This book is part of the Cisco Press#65533; Fundamentals Series. Books in this series introduce networking professionals to new networking technologies, covering network topologies, sample deployment concepts, protocols, and management techniques.

Category: Cisco Press/Networking

Covers: Voice and video conferencing

1587052687


Author Notes

About the Authors

Scott Firestone

holds a master's degree in computer science from MIT and has designed

video conferencing and voice products since 1992, resulting in five patents. During his

10 years as a technical leader at Cisco, Scott developed architectures and solutions related to

video conferencing, voice and video streaming, and voice-over-IP security.

Thiya Ramalingam is an engineering manager for the Unified Communications organization at

Cisco. Thiya holds a master's degree in computer engineering and an MBA from San Jose State

University. He holds several patents issued and pending, related to voice and video over IP. Thiya

is currently leading the development of multimedia conferencing products at Cisco.

Steve Fry is a technical leader in the Unified Communications organization at Cisco. For the past

several years, Steve has been involved in the design and development of telephony and

conferencing products. Prior to his conferencing projects, he was a principal engineer on the

CallManager MGCP gateway products. He is currently leading product development in video

conferencing.


Table of Contents

Forewordp. xviii
Introductionp. xix
Chapter 1 Overview of Conferencing Servicesp. 3
Conference Types 3Ad Hoc Conferences

p. 4

Reservationless Conferencesp. 5
Scheduled Conferencesp. 6
Voice and Video Conferencing Componentsp. 9
Video Conferencing Modesp. 11
Voice-Activated Conferencesp. 11
Continuous Presence Conferencesp. 13
Lecture Mode and Round-Robin Conferencesp. 15
Types of Endpointsp. 16
Desktop Conferencing Systemsp. 16
Room Conferencing Systemsp. 16
Telepresence Systemsp. 16
Video Controls: Far-End Camera Controlp. 17
Text Overlayp. 18
Summaryp. 18
Chapter 2p. 21
Components of a Conferencing Systemp. 21
User Interfacep. 23
Conference Controlp. 25
Control Planep. 26
Media Planep. 27
Conferencing Architecturesp. 37
Centralized Architecturep. 37
Distributed Architecturep. 38
Full-Mesh Networksp. 40
Advanced Conferencing Scenariosp. 41
Escalation of Point-to-Point-to-Multipoint Callp. 41
Lecture Mode Conferencesp. 41
Panel Mode Conferencep. 42
Floor Controlp. 42
Video Mixing and Switching Scenariosp. 42
Summaryp. 43
Referencesp. 43
Chapter 3p. 45
Evaluating Video Quality, Bit Rate, and Signal-to-Noise Ratiop. 45
Video Source Formatsp. 47
Profiles and Levelsp. 47
Frame Rates, Form Factors, and Layoutsp. 47
Standard and High Definitionsp. 48
Color Formatsp. 49
Basics of Video Codingp. 52
Preprocessingp. 52
Post-Processingp. 54
Encoder Overviewp. 55
Hybrid Codingp. 72
Hybrid Decoderp. 72
P-Framesp. 74
Hybrid Encoderp. 74
Predictor Loopp. 76
Motion Estimationp. 77
B-Framesp. 82
Predictor Loops for Parametersp. 86
Error Resiliencyp. 88
Scalable Layered Codecsp. 91
SNR and Spatial Scalabilityp. 93
Temporal Scalabilityp. 95
Switching Framesp. 99
Video Codecsp. 100
Video Stream Hierarchyp. 100
Macroblocksp. 101
HD-Capable Codecsp. 102
Summaryp. 102
Referencesp. 103
Chapter 4p. 105
Overview of RTPp. 105
RTP Headerp. 107
RTP Port Numbersp. 111
SSRC Collisionsp. 111
RTP Header Extensionsp. 112
Overview of RTCPp. 113
RTCP Packet Headersp. 113
RTCP Sender Reportp. 114
RTCP Receiver Reportp. 116
RTCP Source Description (SDES)p. 117
RTCP BYEp. 119
RTCP APPp. 120
RTP Devices in Conference Systemsp. 120
RTP Translatorp. 120
RTP Mixerp. 123
Audio Mixerp. 123
Video MCUp. 124
Video Switcherp. 124
Video Stream RTP Formatsp. 126
H.263p. 126
H.264p. 133
Detecting Stream Lossp. 141
Summaryp. 142
Referencesp. 143
Chapter 5p. 145
SIP Overviewp. 145
User Agentp. 146
Proxy Serverp. 146
Redirect Serverp. 147
Registrarp. 147
SIP Transactions and Dialogsp. 148
SIP Messagesp. 149
SIP Requestsp. 149
SIP Responsesp. 152
SIP Record Routingp. 153
Event Subscription and Notificationp. 154
Session Description Protocolp. 155
SIP Conferencing Modelsp. 157
Conference URIp. 157
Early and Delayed Offerp. 158
DTMF Supportp. 159
Ad Hoc Audio Conferencingp. 160
Ad Hoc Video Conferencingp. 162
Video SDP Extensionsp. 163
Bandwidth Information in the SDPp. 167
Multiple Stream Support and Grouping of Media Linesp. 168
Escalation and De-escalationp. 169
Media Control Supportp. 172
Scheduled Conferencesp. 173
Entry IVRp. 174
In-Conference Featuresp. 177
Roll Callp. 177
Hold and Resumep. 178
Mute and Unmutep. 179
Outdialp. 179
RSVP/QoS Support in Conferencing Flowsp. 180
Summaryp. 182
Referencesp. 183
Chapter 6p. 185
H.323 Overviewp. 185
H.323 Endpoint Aliasingp. 187
H.225 Call Signalingp. 188
H.225 Message Formatp. 188
Common H.225 Message Types Used in H.323 Signalingp. 189
H.245 Control Protocolp. 191
H.245 Messagesp. 192
Video-Specific H.245 Messagesp. 202
H.323 Fast Connect Modep. 204
Using the Empty Capability Setp. 207
Call Hold Signaling with the Empty Capability Setp. 207
Call Transfer with the Empty Capability Setp. 207
H.323 Device Typesp. 208
H.323 Gatekeeper Servicesp. 209
Required H.323 Gatekeeper Featuresp. 209
Optional H.323 Gatekeeper Featuresp. 210
Gatekeeper Signaling Optionsp. 211
Gatekeeper RAS Signalingp. 212
Mid-Call Bandwidth Requestsp. 214
Configuring a Gatekeeper in Cisco Unified CallManagerp. 215
Configuring Gatekeeper Support in a Cisco IOS Routerp. 217
H.225 Call Setup for Video Devices Using a Gatekeeperp. 217
Using Service Prefixes with MCUsp. 219
Summaryp. 220
Referencesp. 220
Chapter 7p. 223
Understanding Lip Sync Skewp. 223
Human Perceptionsp. 223
Measuring Ske