Graphite intercalation compounds and applications

Graphite intercalation compounds are a new class of electronic materials that are classified as graphite-based host guest systems. They have specific structural features based on the alternating stacking of graphite and guest intercalate sheets. The electronic structures show two-dimensional metallic properties with a large variety of features including superconductivity. They are also interesting from the point of two-dimensional magnetic systems. This book presents the synthesis, crystal structures, phase transitions, lattice dynamics, electronic structures, electron transport properties, magnetic properties, surface phenomena, and applications of graphite intercalation compounds. The applications covered include batteries, highly conductive graphite fibers, exfoliated graphite and intercalated fullerenes and nanotubes.

Author Notes

Toshiaki Enoki is at Tokyo Institute of Technology. Morinobu Endo is at Shinshu University.

1 Introduction	p. 3
References	p. 7
2 Synthesis and Intercalation Chemistry	p. 9
2.1 Donor Intercalation Compounds	p. 9
2.2 Ternary Intercalation Compounds	p. 16
2.3 Acceptor Intercalation Compounds	p. 31
2.4 Bi-intercalation Compounds	p. 44
References	p. 50
3 Structures and Phase Transitions	p. 56
3.1 Overview and Definition	p. 56
3.2 Liquid State in Stage-2 Alkali Metal GICs	p. 62
3.3 Phase Transition in Stage-2 Alkali Metal GICs	p. 65
3.4 In-Plane Structure Model in High-Stage Alkali Metal GICs	p. 73
3.5 Liquid-Solid Transition in K GIC	p. 80
3.6 Two-Dimensional Melting in Stage-1 Rb GIC	p. 84
3.7 Staging Structure	p. 88
3.8 Hendricks-Teller Stage Disorder	p. 94
3.9 Fractional Stage	p. 99
3.10 Stripe Domain Phase in Br[subscript 2] GIC	p. 103
3.11 Phase Transition in SbCl[subscript 5] GIC	p. 107
3.12 Ordering Kinetics	p. 110
References	p. 115
4 Lattice Dynamics	p. 118
4.1 Phonon Dispersion in Alkali Metal GICs (Theory)	p. 118
4.2 Phonon Dispersion in Alkali Metal GICs (Experiment)	p. 122
4.3 Raman Scattering	p. 127
4.4 Donor-Acceptor Graphite Bi-intercalation Compound	p. 135
4.5 Intercalate Diffusion	p. 136
References	p. 141
5 Electronic Structures	p. 143
5.1 Band Structure of Graphite, and Tight Binding Model for GICs	p. 143
5.2 Acceptor GICs	p. 155
5.3 Alkali Metal GICs	p. 164
5.4 GICs with Novel Intercalates	p. 178
References	p. 186
6 Electron Transport Properties	p. 190
6.1 In-Plane Electron Transport Process	p. 190
6.2 c-Axis Conduction Process	p. 198
6.3 Weak Localization	p. 206
6.4 Transport Properties of Magnetic GICs	p. 213
6.5 Superconductivity	p. 219
References	p. 232
7 Magnetic Properties	p. 236
7.1 Overview	p. 236
7.2 Stage-2 CoCl[subscript 2] GIC	p. 238
7.3 Stage-2 MnCl[subscript 2] GIC	p. 254
7.4 Stage-2 CuCl[subscript 2] GIC	p. 266
7.5 Stage-2 FeCl[subscript 3] GIC	p. 273
7.6 Stage-1 Eu GIC (EuC[subscript 6])	p. 283
7.7 Magnetic Ternary (Quaternary) GICs	p. 289
References	p. 290
8 Surface Properties and Gas Adsorption	p. 294
8.1 Gas Physisorption in Alkali Metal GICs	p. 294
8.2 Surface Properties and Monolayer	p. 317
References	p. 332
9 GICs and Batteries	p. 336
9.1 Application of Intercalated Graphite in Primary Battery System	p. 336
9.2 Secondary Battery Applications as Li Ion Battery	p. 354
References	p. 384
10 Highly Conductive Graphite Fibers	p. 388
10.1 Introduction	p. 388
10.2 Structure and Staging	p. 389
10.3 Intercalate-Induced Enhancement of Conductivity	p. 390
10.4 Stability of Intercalated Graphite Fibers	p. 394
10.5 Fluorine-Intercalated Graphite Fibers with Ionic Bonding	p. 395
10.6 Conclusions	p. 398
References	p. 400
11 Exfoliated Graphite Formed by Intercalation	p. 403
11.1 Introduction	p. 403
11.2 Structural Variation after the Exfoliation Process	p. 404
11.3 Exfoliation Process	p. 406
11.4 Exfoliated Graphite Fibers	p. 407
11.5 Applications	p. 408
11.6 Conclusions	p. 412
References	p. 412
12 Intercalated Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes	p. 414
12.1 Introduction	p. 414
12.2 Preparation and Structure of Pristine and Intercalated Fullerenes	p. 416
12.3 Preparation and Structure of Intercalated Carbon Nanotubes and Potential Applications	p. 422
12.4 Conclusions	p. 428
References	p. 429
Index	p. 433

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