Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)

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Title:

Publication Information:

Stevenage, UK : IEE, 1999

ISBN:

9780852967713

Subject Term:

Power electronics

Flexible AC transmission systems

Added Author:

Yong Hua Song

Johns, Alan T.

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010029586	TK148 F63 1999	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

The rapid development of power electronics technology provides exciting opportunities to develop new power system equipment for better utilisation of existing systems. Deregulation of the supply industry worlwide, and the resulting competition, is forcing utilities to operate their facilities at ever higher efficiency, driving this trend. During the last decade, a number of control devices under the term flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) technology have been proposed and implemented. This book provides a comprehensive guide to FACTS, covering all the major aspects in research and development of FACTS technologies. Various real-world applications are also included to demonstrate the issues and benefits of applying FACTS. Written by international experts in the field from both industry and academia, this book will be a useful reference for professional engineers involved in the operation and control of modern power systems. It will also be of value to postgraduate students and researchers.

searchers.searchers.searchers.

Laszlo GyugiGeza JoosJ. ArrillagaH. L. Thanawala and D. J. Young and M. H. BakerM. Noroozian and L. Angquist and G. IngestromM.R. IravaniLaszlo Gyugyi and Colin D. SchauderJ.Y. Liu and Y.H. SongY.H. Song and J.Y. LiuH.F. WangR. Mihalic and D. Povh and P. ZunkoQ.Y. Xuan and Y.H. Song and A.T. JohnsYasuji Sekine and Toshiyuki HayashiN. Jenkins

Preface	p. xv
Contributors	p. xvii
1 Power transmission control: basic theory; problems and needs; FACTS solutions	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Fundamentals of ac power transmission	p. 2
1.2.1 Basic relationships	p. 3
1.2.2 Steady-state limits of power transmission	p. 9
1.2.3 Traditional transmission line compensation and power flow control	p. 10
1.2.4 Dynamic limitations of power transmission	p. 19
1.2.5 Dynamic compensation for stability enhancement	p. 20
1.3 Transmission problems and needs: the emergence of FACTS	p. 26
1.3.1 Historical background	p. 27
1.3.2 Recent developments and problems	p. 27
1.3.3 Challenges of deregulation	p. 29
1.3.4 The objectives of FACTS	p. 30
1.4 FACTS controllers	p. 32
1.4.1 Thyristor controlled FACTS controllers	p. 32
1.4.2 Converter-based FACTS controllers	p. 39
1.5 FACTS control considerations	p. 61
1.5.1 Functional control of a single FACTS controller	p. 62
1.5.2 FACTS area control: possibilities and issues	p. 65
1.6 Summary	p. 68
1.7 Acknowledgements	p. 70
1.8 References	p. 71
2 Power electronics: fundamentals	p. 73
2.1 Introduction	p. 73
2.2 Basic functions of power electronics	p. 74
2.2.1 Basic functions and connections of power converters	p. 74
2.2.2 Applications of reactive power compensation	p. 75
2.3 Power semiconductor devices for high power converters	p. 78
2.3.1 Classification of devices	p. 78
2.3.2 Device types and features	p. 79
2.4 Static power converter structures	p. 80
2.4.1 General principles	p. 80
2.4.2 Basic ac/dc converter topologies	p. 83
2.4.3 Converter power circuit configurations	p. 86
2.4.4 Power flow control	p. 87
2.4.5 Switch gating requirements	p. 89
2.5 AC controller-based structures	p. 89
2.5.1 Thyristor-controlled reactor	p. 89
2.5.2 Thyristor-controlled series capacitor	p. 90
2.5.3 Thyristor-controlled phase-shifting transformer	p. 90
2.5.4 Force-commutated ac controller structures	p. 90
2.6 DC link converter topologies	p. 91
2.6.1 Current source based structures	p. 91
2.6.2 Synchronous voltage source structures	p. 94
2.6.3 Other compensator structures	p. 98
2.6.4 High voltage dc transmission	p. 99
2.7 Converter output and harmonic control	p. 100
2.7.1 Converter switching	p. 100
2.7.2 Principles of harmonic mitigation	p. 101
2.7.3 Output control	p. 105
2.7.4 Multi-stepped converters	p. 108
2.8 Power converter control issues	p. 111
2.8.1 General control requirements	p. 111
2.8.2 Line synchronization	p. 112
2.8.3 Voltage and current control	p. 112
2.8.4 Supplementary controls	p. 112
2.8.5 Operation under non-ideal conditions	p. 113
2.9 Summary	p. 113
2.10 References	p. 114
3 High voltage dc transmission technology	p. 117
3.1 Introduction	p. 117
3.2 Ac versus dc interconnection	p. 118
3.3 The HVdc converter	p. 118
3.3.1 Rectifier operation	p. 120
3.3.2 Inverter operation	p. 123
3.3.3 Power factor active and reactive power	p. 123
3.4 HVdc system control	p. 125
3.4.1 Valve firing control	p. 125
3.4.2 Control characteristics and direction of power flow	p. 127
3.4.3 Modifications to the basic characteristics	p. 130
3.5 Converter circuits and components	p. 131
3.5.1 The high voltage thyristor valve	p. 134
3.5.2 HVdc configurations	p. 135
3.5.3 Back-to-back configurations	p. 136
3.6 Power system analysis involving HVDC converters	p. 138
3.7 Applications and modern trends	p. 141
3.8 Summary	p. 144
3.9 References	p. 144
4 Shunt compensation: SVC and STATCOM	p. 146
4.1 Introduction: principles and prior experience of shunt static var compensation	p. 146
4.2 Principles of operation, configuration and control of SVC	p. 151
4.2.1 Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)	p. 151
4.2.2 Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)	p. 155
4.2.3 Combined TCR/TSC	p. 158
4.3 STATCOM configuration and control	p. 159
4.3.1 Basic concepts	p. 159
4.3.2 Voltage-sourced converters	p. 161
4.3.3 Three-phase converter	p. 166
4.3.4 Reduction of harmonic distortion	p. 167
4.3.5 Source voltage ripple	p. 174
4.3.6 Snubber circuits	p. 174
4.3.7 Some practical implications	p. 175
4.3.8 STATCOM operating characteristics	p. 175
4.3.9 Transient response	p. 178
4.3.10 STATCOM losses	p. 180
4.3.11 Other types of STATCOM source	p. 182
4.4 Applications	p. 183
4.4.1 Some practical SVC applications	p. 183
4.4.2 Recent relocatable SVC applications in UK practice	p. 187
4.4.3 Statcom applications	p. 191
4.5 Summary	p. 195
4.6 Acknowledgment	p. 196
4.7 References	p. 197
5 Series compensation	p. 199
5.1 Introduction	p. 199
5.1.1 Steady state voltage regulation and prevention of voltage collapse	p. 199
5.1.2 Improving transient rotor angle stability	p. 200
5.1.4 Power flow control	p. 200
5.1.5 Series compensation schemes	p. 201
5.2 Principle of operation	p. 202
5.2.1 Blocking mode	p. 203
5.2.2 Bypass mode	p. 204
5.2.3 Capacitive boost mode	p. 205
5.2.4 Inductive boost mode	p. 208
5.2.5 Harmonics	p. 209
5.2.6 Boost control systems	p. 210
5.3 Application of TCSC for damping of electromechanical oscillations	p. 214
5.3.1 Model	p. 215
5.3.2 TCSC damping characteristics	p. 216
5.3.3 Damping of power swings by TCSC	p. 217
5.3.4 POD controller model	p. 218
5.3.5 Choice of POD regulator parameters	p. 219
5.3.6 Numerical examples	p. 220
5.4 Application of TCSC for mitigation of subsynchronous resonance	p. 223
5.4.1 The subsynchronous resonance (SSR) phenomena related to series compensation	p. 224
5.4.2 Apparent impedance of TCSC	p. 227
5.4.3 Application example	p. 230
5.5 TCSC layout and protection	p. 232
5.5.1 TCSC reactor	p. 233
5.5.2 Bypass breakers	p. 233
5.5.3 Capacitor overvoltage protection	p. 234
5.5.4 Thyristor valve	p. 234
5.5.5 Measuring system	p. 235
5.5.6 Capacitor voltage boost	p. 235
5.5.7 Fault handling	p. 236
5.6 Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)	p. 237
5.6.1 Principle of operation	p. 238
5.6.2 SSSC model for load flow and stability analysis	p. 238
5.6.3 Power interchange	p. 241
5.6.4 Applications	p. 241
5.7 References	p. 241
6 Phase shifter	p. 243
6.1 Introduction	p. 243
6.2 Principles of operation of a phase shifter	p. 244
6.3 Steady-state model of a Static Phase Shifter (SPS)	p. 246
6.4 Steady-state operational characteristics of SPS	p. 249
6.5 Power circuit configurations for SPS	p. 251
6.5.1 Substitution of mechanical tap-changer by electronic switches	p. 251
6.5.2 AC controller	p. 253
6.5.3 Single-phase ac-ac bridge converter	p. 255
6.5.4 PWM voltage source converter (VSC)	p. 260
6.5.5 PWM current source converter (CSC)	p. 261
6.5.6 Other SPS circuit configurations	p. 262
6.6 SPS applications	p. 262
6.6.1 Steady-state	p. 262
6.6.2 Small-signal dynamics	p. 263
6.6.3 Large-signal dynamics	p. 263
6.7 Summary	p. 264
6.8 References	p. 264
7 The unified power flow controller	p. 268
7.1 Introduction	p. 268
7.2 Basic operating principles and characteristics	p. 269
7.2.1 Conventional transmission control capabilities	p. 271
7.2.2 Independent real and reactive power flow control	p. 275
7.2.3 Comparison of the UPFC to the controlled series compensators and phase shifters	p. 278
7.3 Control and dynamic performance	p. 286
7.3.1 Functional operating and control modes	p. 288
7.3.2 Basic control system for P and Q control	p. 290
7.3.3 Dynamic performance	p. 293
7.4 The first UPFC installation	p. 302
7.4.1 Application background	p. 303
7.4.2 Power circuit structure	p. 304
7.4.3 Control system	p. 306
7.4.4 Commissioning test results	p. 307
7.5 Summary	p. 317
7.6 References	p. 317
8 Electromagnetic transient simulation studies	p. 319
8.1 Introduction	p. 319
8.2 Principles of the UPFC based on SPWM inverters	p. 321
8.3 EMTP/ATP simulation	p. 324
8.3.1 The EMTP/ATP program	p. 324
8.3.2 SPWM scheme generated by EMTP/ATP TACS	p. 326
8.3.3 EMTP model development for systems with UPFC	p. 328
8.4 Open-loop simulation	p. 335
8.4.1 Simulation of SPWM UPFC regulation performance	p. 335
8.4.2 Results of the power flow and voltage support under control of SPWM UPFC	p. 339
8.4.3 Operating envelope of UPFC	p. 340
8.5 Close-loop simulation	p. 341
8.6 Conclusions	p. 348
8.7 Acknowledgment	p. 348
8.8 References	p. 349
9 Steady-state analysis and control	p. 350
9.1 Introduction	p. 350
9.2 Steady-state UPFC model for power flow studies	p. 352
9.2.1 Principles of UPFC	p. 352
9.2.2 Steady-state UPFC representation	p. 352
9.2.3 Power injection model of UPFC	p. 352
9.3 Representation of UPFC for power flow	p. 355
9.3.1 UPFC modified Jacobian matrix elements	p. 355
9.3.2 Normal (open-loop) and controlled (close-loop) power flow with UPFC	p. 357
9.4 Implementation of UPFC in power flow studies	p. 357
9.4.1 Difficulties with implementation of UPFC in power flow	p. 357
9.4.2 Optimal multiplier power flow algorithm	p. 358
9.4.3 Power flow procedure with UPFC	p. 360
9.5 Power injection based power flow control method	p. 360
9.5.1 General concepts	p. 360
9.5.2 Decoupled rectangular co-ordinate power flow equations	p. 361
9.5.3 Closed-loop voltage control strategy by reactive power injection	p. 362
9.5.4 Closed-loop line transfer active power control strategy by active power injections	p. 362
9.5.5 Solution of UPFC Parameters	p. 363
9.6 Control of UPFC constrained by internal limits	p. 363
9.6.1 The internal limits of UPFC device	p. 363
9.6.2 Considerations of internal limits in power flow control methods	p. 364
9.6.3 Strategies for handling the constraints	p. 365
9.7 Test results	p. 367
9.7.1 Power flow	p. 367
9.7.2 Controlled power flow	p. 368
9.7.3 Convergence analysis of controlled power flow	p. 371
9.7.4 Control performance analysis	p. 371
9.7.5 Alleviation of constraint limit violations using the proposed control strategy	p. 375
9.7.6 Comparison of UPFC, SVC, and PS	p. 377
9.8 Conclusions	p. 379
9.9 Acknowledgment	p. 380
9.10 References	p. 380
9.11 Appendix Steady-state modelling of SVC and phase shifter	p. 382
9.11.1 SVC modelling and implementation	p. 382
9.11.2 PS modelling and implementation	p. 382
10 Oscillation stability analysis and controll	p. 384
10.1 Introduction	p. 384
10.2 Linearized model of power systems installed with FACTS-based stabilizers	p. 385
10.2.1 Phillips-Heffron model of single-machine infinite-bus power systems installed with SVC, TCSC, and TCPS	p. 386
10.2.2 Phillips-Heffron model of single-machine infinite-bus power system installed with UPFC	p. 390
10.2.3 Phillips-Heffron model of multi-machine power systems installed with SVC, TCSC, and TCPS	p. 395
10.2.4 Phillips-Heffron model of multi-machine power systems installed with UPFC	p. 399
10.3 Analysis and design of FACTS-based stabilizers	p. 403
10.3.1 Analysis of damping torque contribution by FACTS-based stabilizers installed in single-machine infinite-bus power systems	p. 404
10.3.2 Design of robust FACTS-based stabilizers installed in single-machine infinite-bus power systems by the phase compensation method	p. 408
10.3.3 Analysis of damping torque contribution by FACTS-based stabilizers installed in multi-machine power systems	p. 415
10.3.4 Design of robust FACTS-based stabilizers installed in multi-machine power systems	p. 419
10.4 Selection of installing locations and feedback signals of FACTS-based stabilizers	p. 427
10.4.1 The connection between the modal control analysis and the damping torque analysis method	p. 428
10.4.2 Selection of robust installing locations and feedback signals of FACTS-based stabilizers	p. 432
10.4.3 An example	p. 434
10.5 Summary	p. 440
10.6 References	p. 440
11 Transient stability control	p. 443
11.1 Introduction	p. 443
11.2 Basic theoretical considerations	p. 444
11.2.1 Generator behaviour under transient conditions	p. 444
11.2.2 Equal area criterion	p. 448
11.3 Analysis of power systems installed with FACTS devices	p. 451
11.3.1 System model and basic transmission characteristics	p. 451
11.3.2 Power transmission control using controllable series compensation (CSC)	p. 452
11.3.3 Power transmission control using static series synchronous compensator (SSSC)	p. 454
11.3.4 Power transmission control using static var compensator (SVC)	p. 455
11.3.5 Power transmission control using static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)	p. 458
11.3.6 Power transmission control using phase shifting transformer (PST)	p. 462
11.3.7 Power transmission control using unified power flow controller (UPFC)	p. 467
11.4 Control of FACTS devices for transient stability improvement	p. 471
11.4.1 General consideration of FACTS devices control strategy	p. 471
11.4.2 CSC, SSSC, SVC, STATCOM and UPFC control strategy	p. 474
11.4.3 PAR control strategy	p. 476
11.4.4 QBT control strategy	p. 477
11.5 Transient stability analysis and dynamic models of FACTS devices	p. 478
11.5.1 Dynamic models	p. 481
11.6 Numerical studies	p. 489
11.6.1 Test system and system behaviour without power flow control	p. 489
11.6.2 Maintaining system stability using FACTS devices	p. 493
11.6.3 Ratings of FACTS devices maintaining the system stability	p. 500
11.7 Summary	p. 501
11.8 References	p. 503
12 Protection for EHV transmission lines with FACTS devices	p. 506
12.1 Introduction	p. 506
12.2 Artificial neural network based protection scheme	p. 508
12.3 Generation of training and testing data	p. 509
12.3.1 Digital simulation of faulted systems	p. 509
12.3.2 Input selection of the neural networks	p. 510
12.4 Artificial neural network 1 (ANN1) for fault type and directional detection	p. 512
12.4.1 Network structure and training	p. 512
12.4.2 Test results	p. 513
12.5 Artificial neural network 2 (ANN2) for fault location	p. 514
12.5.1 Network structure and training	p. 514
12.5.2 Test results	p. 514
12.6 Overall performance evaluation	p. 515
12.7 Conclusions	p. 516
12.8 References	p. 517
13 FACTS development and applications	p. 518
13.1 Introduction	p. 518
13.2 Development status of semi-conductor devices	p. 519
13.3 Development of high performance SC converter	p. 522
13.3.1 Application status of SC converter	p. 522
13.3.2 High performance SC converter	p. 523
13.3.3 Verification test of SC converter in actual field	p. 526
13.4 Application of power electronics equipment for power system performance enhancement	p. 527
13.4.1 Improvement of voltage stability by SVC	p. 528
13.4.2 Power system stabilization by SVC	p. 529
13.4.3 Power system frequency control by VSM	p. 531
13.5 Development of FACTS control schemes with power system model	p. 534
13.5.1 Selection of power system model	p. 534
13.5.2 Evaluation of transmission capability reinforcement	p. 538
13.5.3 Verification test using APSA (Advanced Power System Analyser)	p. 538
13.6 Digital simulation program for FACTS analysis	p. 540
13.6.1 Modelling of SC converter	p. 540
13.6.2 Modelling of FACTS equipment	p. 542
13.7 Conclusion	p. 543
13.8 References	p. 544
14 Application of power electronics to the distribution system	p. 546
14.1 Introduction	p. 546
14.2 Improvement of customer power quality	p. 549
14.2.1 Customer power quality	p. 549
14.2.2 Distribution STATCOM	p. 555
14.2.3 Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)	p. 558
14.2.4 Active filters	p. 561
14.2.5 Solid state switches	p. 563
14.3 Power electronic applications for renewable energy	p. 566
14.3.1 Generation from new renewable energy sources	p. 566
14.3.2 Wind energy	p. 568
14.3.3 Solar photovoltaic generation	p. 572
14.4 Summary	p. 573
14.5 Acknowledgments	p. 574
14.6 References	p. 574
Index	p. 577

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