Wireless ad hoc and sensor networks : a cross-layer design perspective

Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: A Cross-Layer Design Perspective deals with the emerging design trend that transcends traditional communication layers for performance gains in ad hoc and sensor networks. The author explores the current state of the art in cross-layer approaches for ad hoc and sensor networks, providing a comprehensive design resource.

The book offers a structured comparison and analysis of both layered and cross-layer design, providing readers with an overview of the many issues relating to ad hoc and sensor networks. The benefits of these cross-layer approaches are examined through three diverse case studies: a monitoring sensor network using Radio Frequency waves, an ad hoc network that uses Ultra Wide Band Radio, and an acoustic underwater sensor network for environmental monitoring.

Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: A Cross-Layer Design Perspective is interdisciplinary in character, and should be of value to software engineers, hardware engineers, application developers, network protocol designers, graduate students, communication engineers, systems engineers, and university professors.

1 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Opportunities and Challenges	p. 1
Part I Layered Communication Approaches
2 Physical Layer	p. 7
2.1 Communication Media	p. 8
2.1.1 Wired Communication	p. 8
2.1.2 Wireless Communication	p. 9
2.2 Communication Technologies	p. 10
2.2.1 Point-to-Point Communication Technologies	p. 10
2.2.2 Broadcast Communication Technologies	p. 11
2.3 Physical Layer Optimization Parameters	p. 13
2.3.1 Transmission Power	p. 13
2.3.2 Processing Power	p. 13
2.3.3 Sensing Power	p. 14
2.3.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 14
2.3.5 Transmission Rate	p. 14
2.3.6 Modulation Code and Rate	p. 15
3 Data Link Layer	p. 17
3.1 Introduction	p. 18
3.1.1 Protocol Overview	p. 18
3.2 Channel Separation and Access	p. 20
3.2.1 Single Channel	p. 20
3.2.2 Multiple Channels	p. 24
3.2.3 Channel Separation and Access Summary	p. 29
3.3 Transmission Initiation	p. 29
3.3.1 Sender-Initiated	p. 29
3.3.2 Receiver-Initiated	p. 30
3.3.3 Transmission Initiation Summary	p. 30
3.4 Topology	p. 31
3.4.1 Single Hop Flat Topology	p. 31
3.4.2 Multiple Hop Flat Topology	p. 32
3.4.3 Clustered Topology	p. 33
3.4.4 Centralized Topology	p. 34
3.4.5 Topology Summary	p. 35
3.5 Power	p. 35
3.5.1 Transmit Power Control	p. 35
3.5.2 Sleep Mode	p. 36
3.5.3 Battery Level Awareness	p. 37
3.5.4 Reduced Control Overhead	p. 38
3.5.5 Savings for Particular Settings	p. 38
3.5.6 Increased Control Overhead	p. 39
3.5.7 Power Summary	p. 39
3.6 Traffic Load and Scalability	p. 40
3.6.1 Highly Loaded Networks	p. 40
3.6.2 Dense Networks	p. 41
3.6.3 Voice and Real-Time Traffic	p. 41
3.6.4 Unattended Long-Term Operation	p. 42
3.6.5 More Selective Scenarios	p. 42
3.6.6 Traffic Load and Scalability Summary	p. 43
3.7 Logical Link Control	p. 43
3.8 Conclusion and Discussion	p. 44
4 Network Layer	p. 45
4.1 Route State Dissemination	p. 47
4.1.1 Proactive Routing Protocols	p. 47
4.1.2 Reactive	p. 50
4.1.3 Hybrid	p. 53
4.2 Topology	p. 54
4.2.1 Single Hop and Centralized Topologies	p. 54
4.2.2 Multiple Hop Flat Topology	p. 55
4.2.3 Clustered Topology	p. 55
4.2.4 Multilevel Hierarchical Networks	p. 57
4.3 Multipath Routing	p. 58
4.4 Power-awareness	p. 59
4.5 Geographical Routing	p. 61
4.6 Quality-of-Service	p. 62
5 Transport and Middleware Layers	p. 65
5.1 Transport Layer	p. 66
5.1.1 TCP and UDP	p. 66
5.1.2 Ad Hoc Network Transport Protocols	p. 68
5.1.3 Sensor Network Transport Protocols	p. 70
5.2 Middleware	p. 72
5.2.1 Middleware for Ad Hoc Networks	p. 73
5.2.2 Middleware for Sensor Networks	p. 74
6 Application Layer	p. 77
6.1 Ad Hoc Networks	p. 77
6.1.1 Ad Hoc Network Application Classes	p. 77
6.1.2 Application Performance Metrics	p. 79
6.2 Sensor Networks	p. 82
6.2.1 Data Dissemination	p. 82
6.2.2 Application Performance Metrics	p. 84
Part II Cross-Layer Approaches
7 Cross-Layer Design	p. 89
7.1 Cross-Layer Design: A Definition	p. 89
7.2 Cross-Layer Design for Traditional Networks	p. 91
7.3 Why Cross-Layer Design for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks?	p. 92
7.3.1 An Analogy	p. 92
7.3.2 Motivating Factors	p. 93
7.3.3 Design Challenges	p. 96
7.4 Cross-Layer Design Guidelines	p. 97
7.4.1 Compatibility	p. 97
7.4.2 Richer Interactions	p. 98
7.4.3 Flexible and Tunable	p. 98
8 Cross-Layer Architectures	p. 101
8.1 Ad Hoc Networks	p. 101
8.1.1 MobileMan	p. 102
8.1.2 CrossTalk	p. 103
8.2 Sensor Networks	p. 104
8.2.1 Sensor Protocol	p. 105
8.2.2 TinyCubus	p. 106
8.2.3 Lu	p. 107
8.3 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks	p. 108
8.3.1 Jurdak	p. 108
9 Applied Cross-Layer Approaches	p. 111
9.1 Design Coupling Approaches	p. 112
9.1.1 Girici and Ephremides	p. 112
9.1.2 Cruz and Santhanam	p. 115
9.1.3 ElBatt and Ephremides	p. 116
9.1.4 Kozat	p. 117
9.1.5 Lu and Krishnamachari	p. 119
9.1.6 Madan	p. 120
9.1.7 Cui	p. 122
9.1.8 Wang and Kar	p. 123
9.1.9 Merz	p. 124
9.2 Information Sharing Approaches	p. 125
9.2.1 Sichitiu	p. 126
9.2.2 Chen	p. 128
9.2.3 Sensor Protocol	p. 130
9.2.4 Jurdak	p. 131
9.3 Global Performance Goals	p. 134
9.3.1 Maximize Network Lifetime	p. 134
9.3.2 Energy Efficiency	p. 135
9.3.3 Maximize Throughput	p. 137
9.3.4 Minimize Delay	p. 138
9.3.5 Promote Fairness	p. 138
9.3.6 Data Accessibility	p. 139
9.3.7 Efficiency and Generality	p. 139
9.4 Target Networks	p. 140
9.4.1 Ad Hoc Networks	p. 140
9.4.2 Sensor Networks	p. 142
9.5 Input Aspects	p. 143
9.5.1 Application Layer	p. 144
9.5.2 Middleware Layer	p. 144
9.5.3 Transport Layer	p. 144
9.5.4 Network Layer	p. 145
9.5.5 Data Link Layer	p. 146
9.5.6 Physical Layer	p. 146
9.6 Configuration Optimizations	p. 148
9.6.1 Middleware	p. 148
9.6.2 Transport Layer	p. 149
9.6.3 Network Layer	p. 149
9.6.4 Data Link Layer	p. 150
9.6.5 Physical Layer	p. 150
9.7 Implementation	p. 151
9.7.1 Unspecified	p. 151
9.7.2 Centralized	p. 152
9.7.3 Distributed	p. 153
9.8 Conclusion	p. 153
Part III Case Studies
10 Optimization of an RF Sensor Network	p. 157
10.1 Introduction	p. 157
10.2 Related Work	p. 160
10.2.1 Cost Optimization	p. 160
10.2.2 Energy Efficiency	p. 160
10.3 Adaptive Low Power Listening	p. 162
10.3.1 Adaptive Low Power Listening	p. 162
10.3.2 Node Collaboration	p. 163
10.3.3 State Representations	p. 165
10.3.4 Cost Function	p. 167
10.3.5 Routing Modifications	p. 170
10.4 Qualitative Analysis	p. 170
10.4.1 Topology	p. 171
10.4.2 Case Study	p. 172
10.4.3 Duty Cycle	p. 175
10.4.4 Role	p. 176
10.5 Deployment Results	p. 176
10.5.1 Time-Driven Sensor Network	p. 177
10.5.2 Event-Driven Sensor Network	p. 181
10.6 Discussion	p. 186
11 UWB Ad Hoc Network	p. 189
11.1 Introduction	p. 190
11.2 UWB Network Principles	p. 192
11.2.1 UWB Principles	p. 192
11.2.2 UWB Traffic Classes	p. 193
11.3 U-MAC Protocol	p. 194
11.3.1 Problem Definition	p. 194
11.3.2 Protocol Overview	p. 195
11.3.3 Topology	p. 197
11.3.4 Hello Messages	p. 197
11.3.5 Rate and Power Assignment	p. 199
11.3.6 MSI Margin	p. 204
11.4 Simulation and Results	p. 205
11.4.1 Simulation Parameters	p. 206
11.4.2 Results	p. 207
11.5 Discussion and Conclusion	p. 214
12 Acoustic Underwater Sensor Network	p. 217
12.1 Introduction	p. 217
12.2 Related	p. 219
12.3 Network Battery Life Estimation Method	p. 220
12.3.1 Network Design Parameters	p. 221
12.3.2 Underwater Acoustics Fundamentals	p. 224
12.3.3 Data Delivery	p. 226
12.3.4 Network Lifetime and Power Consumption	p. 227
12.4 Topology-Dependent Optimizations	p. 228
12.4.1 Required Modifications	p. 229
12.5 Performance Evaluation	p. 229
12.5.1 Tier-Independent Method	p. 230
12.5.2 Tier-Dependent Assignments	p. 231
12.5.3 Grid Topology	p. 233
12.6 Discussion	p. 237
12.6.1 Maximum Range Alternatives	p. 237
12.6.2 Method Tradeoffs	p. 237
12.6.3 Grid Topology	p. 237
12.6.4 Self-Recharging Sensors	p. 238
12.6.5 Method Applicability	p. 238
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions	p. 241
Extended Cost Function	p. 243
References	p. 247
Index	p. 261

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