Cover image for Switching, protection and distribution in low-voltage networks : handbook with selection criteria and planning guidelines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems
Title:
Switching, protection and distribution in low-voltage networks : handbook with selection criteria and planning guidelines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems
Edition:
2nd rev ed
Publication Information:
Berlin : MCD Verlag Pub, 1994
ISBN:
9783895780004
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30000003962150 TK2821 S95 1994 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

This book is not only intended for use by planners and designers of low-voltage switchboards, distribution boards and control systems. It will also provide a valuable source of general information and reference on the application and operation of low-voltage devices for the technically trained reader.

Detailed selection guidelines as well as many project planning examples and suggested circuit configurations assist the reader to find technically and economically optimized solutions to his application problems. Reference is made to a great number of relevant national and international standards and specifications.


Table of Contents

1 Specifications for low-voltage devices and switchgear assemblies
1.1 Nomenclature of the standards authorities
1.2 Low-voltage switchgear and devices
1.2.1 Summary of specifications and approvals
1.2.2 Regulations and approvals in European countries
1.2.3 Standards and approvals in the U.S.A., Canada and Australia
1.3 Type-tested and partially type-tested switchgear assemblies (TTA and PTTA)
1.3.1 Summary of specifications and standards
1.3.1.1 Construction specifications
1.3.1.2 Generic specifications
1.3.1.3 Equipping specifications
1.3.1.4 Erection specifications
1.3.1.5 Relevant DIN standards for switchgear assemblies
1.4 Protection of persons and material assets
1.4.1 Protection against direct contact
1.4.1.1 Protection against electrical shock to DIN VDE 0100
1.4.1.2 Protection against electrical shock, positioning of operating elements in the vicinity of parts which are dangerous to touch
1.4.1.3 Measures to be taken in the modification or extension of switchgear assemblies already in service
1.4.1.4 "Safety separation" with low-voltage switchgear
1.4.2 Protection against indirect contact
1.4.2.1 Comments related to the protective measures specific to the network configuration.1.4.3 Protection by total insulation
1.4.4 Erection and connection of switch and distribution boards
1.4.5 Clearances and creepage distances
1.5 Equipping specifications and relevant standards
1.5.1 Main switches
1.5.2 Emergency-off apparatus
1.5.3 Safety disconnecting switches for mechanical maintenance (service/repair switches)
1.5.4 The electrical equipping of industrial machinery scheduled for export to countries outside Germany
1.5.5 Colours for pushbuttons, illuminated pushbuttons and indicator lights
1.5.6 IP degrees of protection against contact with live parts, ingress of foreign bodies and ingress of liquid
1.5.6.1 IP degrees of protection to DIN and IEC
1.5.6.2 Degrees of protection according to other national specifications
1.6 Operating and ambient conditions
1.6.1 Normal conditions
1.6.1.1 Ambient temperature
1.6.1.2 Altitude
1.6.1.3 Environmental influences
1.6.1.4 Parameters and pollution levels of the climate classes to IEC 721 and the Siemens standard SN 29070, part 1
1.6.1.5 Protection against corrosion, type of finish for technical products
1.6.1.6 Decontaminability
1.6.1.7 Climatic operating conditions for electronic equipment
1.6.2 Abnormal conditions for transport, storage and operation
1.6.2.1 Arduous operating conditions
1.6.2.2 Influence of, and radiation
1.6.2.3 Stressing due to vibrations and impact
1.6.2.4 Measures against the effects of induced vibration
1.6.2.5 Resistance to termites
1.6.2.6 Environmental acceptability
1.6.2.7 Suppression of radio interference
2 Network data and duty types
2.1 Network data
2.1.1 Nominal voltages and frequencies
2.1.2 Short-circuit current
2.1.3 Types of short-circuits
2.1.3.1 Contribution to the short-circuit current by connected motors
2.1.4 Effects of short-circuit currents
2.1.5 Diagrams for determining resistance values and short-circuit currents, computer program "KUBS" for short-circuit calculations and product selection
2.1.6 Influence of the transformers and conductors on the short-circuit current
2.2 Duty types
2.2.1 Continuous operation duty
2.2.2 Short-time operation duty
2.2.3 Intermittent periodic duty
2.2.4 Operation at inconsistent loading
3 Selection criteria for low-voltage switchgear in main circuits
3.1 Network and operating conditions
3.1.1 Rated voltage and rated frequency
3.1.2 Rated short-circuit strength and rated switching capacity
3.1.3 Rated currents
3.2 Switching tasks and conditions
3.2.1 Switching tasks
3.2.1.1 Disconnection
3.2.1.2 Off-load switching
3.2.1.3 On-load switching
3.2.1.4 Motor switching
3.2.1.5 Power switching, switching of shortcircuits
3.2.2 Switching of components in an electrical installation
3.2.2.1 Starting of low-voltage motors
3.2.2.2 Switching of high-voltage motors
3.2.2.3 Switching of capacitors
3.2.2.4 Switching of elec