Cover image for Heat and cold storage with PCM : an up to date introduction into basics and applications
Title:
Heat and cold storage with PCM : an up to date introduction into basics and applications
Personal Author:
Series:
Heat and mass transfer
Publication Information:
New York, NY : Springer, 2008
Physical Description:
xvi, 308 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9783540685562

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30000010207696 TP372.2 M43 2008 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

The years 2006 and 2007 mark a dramatic change of peoples view regarding c- mate change and energy consumption. The new IPCC report makes clear that - mankind plays a dominant role on climate change due to CO emissions from en- 2 ergy consumption, and that a significant reduction in CO emissions is necessary 2 within decades. At the same time, the supply of fossil energy sources like coal, oil, and natural gas becomes less reliable. In spring 2008, the oil price rose beyond 100 $/barrel for the first time in history. It is commonly accepted today that we have to reduce the use of fossil fuels to cut down the dependency on the supply countries and to reduce CO emissions. The use of renewable energy sources and 2 increased energy efficiency are the main strategies to achieve this goal. In both strategies, heat and cold storage will play an important role. People use energy in different forms, as heat, as mechanical energy, and as light. With the discovery of fire, humankind was the first time able to supply heat and light when needed. About 2000 years ago, the Romans started to use ceramic tiles to store heat in under floor heating systems. Even when the fire was out, the room stayed warm. Since ancient times, people also know how to cool food with ice as cold storage.


Author Notes

Dr. Harald Mehling, born: 03.08.1966

Education: M.A. (SUNY Buffalo, USA), 1992; Diploma Physics, University of Würzburg (Germany), 1995; Ph.D., University of Würzburg (Germany), 1998

Since 1995 working at the Bavarian Center for applied Energy Research, since 1998 Group leader "Latent heat storage"

Coordinator of the BMWA funded strategic project "Innovative PCM-technology" (budget about 6 Mio e, 1999-2004)

Organizer of two workshops on latent heat storage

Author or co-author of about 50 publications, with more than 20 reviewed

Books contributions (4 chapters): Thermal energy storage for sustainable energy consumption - fundamentals, case studies and design; NATO Science series II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry - Vol. 234, Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4020-5289-7 Editor: H.Ö.Paksoy

Luisa F. Cabeza is Professor on Thermal Engineering at the University of Lleida (Lleida, Spain). She graduated on Chemical Engineering and Industrial Engineering in 1992 at University Ramon Llull (Barcelona, Spain), in 1995 she got an MBA and in 1996 her PhD on Industrial Engineering at the same university. From 1996 to 1998 she worked at the Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (Philadelphia, USA). In 1999 she joined the University of Lleida as Assistant Professor, and she became Full Professor in 2006. She lead the Research Group on Applied Energy at the same university, today a research group with 25 researchers, recognised by several Spanish Agencies for its work.


Table of Contents

1 Basic thermodynamics of thermal energy storagep. 1
1.1 Methods for thermal energy storagep. 1
1.1.1 Sensible heatp. 1
1.1.2 Latent heat of solid-liquid phase changep. 2
1.1.3 Latent heat of liquid-vapor phase changep. 4
1.1.4 Heat of chemical reactionsp. 5
1.2 Potential applications of latent heat storage with solid-liquid phase changep. 6
1.2.1 Temperature controlp. 6
1.2.2 Storage of heat or cold with high storage densityp. 7
1.3 Referencesp. 9
2 Solid-liquid phase change materialsp. 11
2.1 Physical, technical, and economic requirementsp. 11
2.2 Classes of materialsp. 13
2.2.1 Overviewp. 13
2.2.2 Detailed discussionp. 15
2.3 Typical material problems and possible solutionsp. 26
2.3.1 Phase separation solved by mixing, gelling, or thickeningp. 26
2.3.2 Subcooling and methods to reduce itp. 34
2.3.3 Encapsulation to prevent leakage and improve heat transferp. 37
2.3.4 Mechanical stability and thermal conductivity improved by composite materialsp. 39
2.3.4.1 Mechanical stabilityp. 39
2.3.4.2 Thermal conductivityp. 40
2.4 Commercial PCM, PCM composite materials, and encapsulated PCMp. 41
2.4.1 PCMp. 42
2.4.2 PCM composite materialsp. 43
2.4.2.1 PCM composite materials to improve handling and applicabilityp. 44
2.4.2.2 PCM-graphite composites to increase the thermal conductivityp. 45
2.4.3 Encapsulated PCMp. 48
2.4.3.1 Examples of microencapsulationp. 49
2.4.3.2 Examples of microencapsulationp. 51
2.5 Referencesp. 52
3 Determination of physical and technical propertiesp. 57
3.1 Definition of material and object propertiesp. 57
3.2 Stored heat of materialsp. 59
3.2.1 Basics of calorirnetryp. 59
3.2.2 Problems in doing measurements on PCMp. 64
3.2.3 Problems in presenting data on PCMp. 66
3.2.4 Calorimeter types and working principlesp. 69
3.2.4.1 Differential scanning calorimetry in dynamic modep. 69
3.2.4.2 Differential scanning calorimetry in steps modep. 78
3.2.4.3 Differential scanning calorimetry with temperature modulation (m-DSC)p. 80
3.2.4.4 T-History methodp. 80
3.3 Heat storage and heat release of PCM-objectsp. 84
3.3.1 Air and other gases as heat transfer mediump. 85
3.3.2 Water and other liquids as heat transfer mediump. 89
3.3.2.1 Mixing calorimeterp. 89
3.3.2.2 Setup derived from power compensated DSCp. 90
3.4 Thermal conductivity of materialsp. 91
3.4.1 Stationary methodsp. 92
3.4.2 Dynamic methodsp. 93
3.5 Cycling stability of PCM, PCM-composites, and PCM-objectsp. 95
3.5.1 Cycling stability with respect to the stored heatp. 95
3.5.2 Cycling stability with respect to heat transferp. 96
3.6 Compatibility of PCM with other materialsp. 97
3.6.1 Corrosion of metalsp. 98
3.6.2 Migration of components in plasticsp. 101
3.7 Referencesp. 102
4 Heat transfer basicsp. 105
4.1 Analytical modelsp. 106
4.1.1 1-dimensional semi-infinite PCM layerp. 106
4.1.2 1-dimensional semi-infinite PCM layer with boundary effectsp. 108
4.1.3 Cylindrical and spherical geometryp. 113
4.1.4 Layer with finite thicknessp. 118
4.1.5 Summary and conclusion for analytical modelsp. 119
4.2 Numerical modelsp. 120
4.2.1 1-dimensional PCM layerp. 120
4.2.2 Inclusion of subcooling using the enthalpy methodp. 126
4.2.3 Relation between h(T) functions and phase diagramsp. 128
4.3 Modellization using commercial softwarep. 131
4.4 Comparison of simulated and experimental resultsp. 132
4.4.1 1-dimensional PCM layer without subcoolingp. 132
4.4.2 1-dimensional PCM layer with subcoolingp. 133
4.5 Summary and conclusionp. 134
4.6 Referencesp. 135
5 Design of latent heat storagesp. 137
5.1 Boundary conditions and basic design optionsp. 137
5.1.1 Boundary conditions on a storagep. 137
5.1.2 Basic design optionsp. 138
5.2 Overview on storage typesp. 141
5.3 Storages with heat transfer on the storage surfacep. 142
5.3.1 Insulated environmentp. 143
5.3.1.1 Construction principle and typical performancep. 143
5.3.1.2 Examplep. 143
5.3.1.3 Heat transfer calculationp. 144
5.3.2 No insulation and good thermal contact between storage and demandp. 145
5.3.2.1 Construction principle and typical performancep. 145
5.3.2.2 Examplep. 145
5.3.2.3 Heat transfer calculationp. 145
5.4 Storages with heat transfer on internal heat transfer surfacesp. 146
5.4.1 Heat exchanger typep. 146
5.4.1.1 Construction principle and typical performancep. 147
5.4.1.2 Examplep. 148
5.4.1.3 Heat transfer calculationp. 149
5.4.1.4 Further informationp. 158
5.4.2 Direct contact typep. 158
5.4.2.1 Construction principle and typical performancep. 159
5.4.2.2 Examplep. 160
5.4.2.3 Heat transfer calculationp. 161
5.4.2.4 Further informationp. 161
5.4.3 Module typep. 162
5.4.3.1 Construction principle and typical performancep. 162
5.4.3.2 Examplesp. 163
5.4.3.3 Heat transfer calculationp. 164
5.4.3.4 Further informationp. 168
5.5 Storages with heat transfer by exchanging the heat storage mediump. 168
5.5.1 Slurry typep. 169
5.5.1.1 Construction principle and typical performancep. 169
5.5.1.2 Examplep. 170
5.5.1.3 Heat transfer calculationp. 172
5.5.1.4 Further informationp. 173
5.5.2 Sensible liquid typep. 174
5.5.2.1 Construction principle and typical performancep. 174
5.5.2.2 Examplep. 175
5.5.2.3 Heat transfer calculationp. 176
5.5.2.4 Further informationp. 176
5.6 Referencesp. 177
6 Integration of active storages into systemsp. 181
6.1 Integration goalp. 181
6.2 Integration conceptsp. 182
6.2.1 General conceptsp. 182
6.2.2 Special examplesp. 184
6.3 Cascade storagesp. 185
6.4 Simulation and optimization of systemsp. 188
6.5 Referencesp. 189
7 Applications in transport and storage containersp. 191
7.1 Basicsp. 191
7.1.1 Ideal cooling of an object in ambient airp. 191
7.1.2 Ideal cooling of an insulated object in ambient airp. 193
7.1.3 Ideal cooling of an insulated object with PCM in ambient airp. 195
7.1.4 Real cooling of an insulated object with PCM in ambient airp. 196
7.2 Examplesp. 197
7.2.1 Multi purpose transport boxes and containersp. 197
7.2.2 Thermal management systemp. 198
7.2.3 Containers for food and beveragesp. 199
7.2.4 Medical applicationsp. 200
7.2.5 Electronic equipmentp. 201
7.3 Referencesp. 202
8 Applications for the human bodyp. 205
8.1 Basicsp. 205
8.1.1 Energy balance of the human bodyp. 205
8.1.2 Potential of PCMp. 206
8.1.3 Methods to apply the PCMp. 207
8.1.3.1 Macroencapsulated PCMp. 207
8.1.3.2 Microencapsulated PCMp. 207
8.1.3.3 Composite materialsp. 209
8.2 Examplesp. 209
8.2.1 Pocket heaterp. 210
8.2.2 Vests for different applicationsp. 210
8.2.3 Clothes and underwearp. 211
8.2.4 Kidney beltp. 212
8.2.5 Plumeaus and sleeping bagsp. 212
8.2.6 Shoe inletsp. 213
8.2.7 Medical applicationsp. 214
8.3 Referencesp. 214
9 Applications for heating and cooling in buildingsp. 217
9.1 Basics of space heating and coolingp. 218
9.1.1 Human comfort requirementsp. 218
9.1.2 Heat production, transfer, and storage in buildingsp. 220
9.1.3 Potential of using PCMp. 220
9.1.3.1 Potential of PCM for temperature controlp. 221
9.1.3.2 Potential of PCM for heat or cold storage with high storage densityp. 225
9.1.4 Natural and artificial heat and cold sourcesp. 227
9.1.4.1 Space coolingp. 227
9.1.4.2 Space heatingp. 231
9.1.5 Heat transferp. 233
9.1.5.1 Heating or cooling from a surfacep. 233
9.1.5.2 Heating or cooling by supplying hot or cold airp. 234
9.2 Examples for space coolingp. 234
9.2.1 Building materialsp. 235
9.2.1.1 Gypsum plasterboards with microencapsulated paraffinp. 236
9.2.1.2 Plaster with microencapsulated paraffinp. 237
9.2.1.3 Concrete with microencapsulated paraffinp. 238
9.2.1.4 Panels with shape-stabilized paraffinp. 240
9.2.2 Building componentsp. 241
9.2.2.1 Ceiling with PCMp. 241
9.2.2.2 Blinds with PCMp. 243
9.2.3 Active systems using air as heat transfer fluidp. 244
9.2.3.1 Systems integrated into the ceilingp. 245
9.2.3.2 Systems integrated into the wallp. 246
9.2.3.3 Systems integrated into the floorp. 247
9.2.3.4 Decentralized cooling and ventilation unitp. 249
9.2.3.5 Systems integrated into a ventilation channelp. 252
9.2.4 Active building materials and components using a liquid heat transfer fluid for heat rejectionp. 254
9.2.4.1 PCM-plaster with capillary sheetsp. 255
9.2.4.2 Cooling ceiling with PCM-plasterboardp. 256
9.2.5 Storages with active heat supply and rejection using a liquid heat transfer fluidp. 256
9.2.5.1 Heat exchanger and module type storages using artificial icep. 258
9.2.5.2 Heat exchanger and module type storages using other PCM than icep. 263
9.2.5.3 Direct contact type storage using artificial icep. 263
9.2.5.4 Storages using natural ice and snowp. 264
9.2.5.5 Direct contact systems using other PCMp. 266
9.2.5.6 Slurry type storages using artificial icep. 266
9.2.5.7 Slurry type storages using other PCM than water / icep. 269
9.2.6 Alternative integration conceptsp. 271
9.3 Examples for space heatingp. 273
9.3.1 Solar wallp. 274
9.3.2 Daylighting elementp. 277
9.3.3 Floor heating systemsp. 280
9.3.3.1 Floor heating system with hot waterp. 280
9.3.3.2 Floor heating system with electrical heatingp. 281
9.3.3.3 Floor heating system using hot airp. 281
9.3.4 Solar air heating and ventilation systemp. 282
9.3.5 Storage for heating with hot waterp. 284
9.3.5.1 Heat exchanger type approachp. 284
9.3.5.2 Module type approachp. 286
9.3.5.3 Direct contact type approachp. 288
9.3.5.4 Slurry type approachp. 289
9.4 Further informationp. 289
9.5 Referencesp. 291
10 Appendixp. 297
11 Indexp. 305