Introduction to engineering : modeling and problem solving

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Title:

Personal Author:

Brockman, Jay B.

Publication Information:

Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley, 2009

ISBN:

9780471431602

Subject Term:

Engineering systems

Engineering mathematics

Engineering models -- Data processing

Engineering -- Problems, exercises, etc. -- Computer simulation

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010191592	TA168 B76 2009	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010162772	TA168 B76 2009	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

In this groundbreaking new text, Jay Brockman helps students acquire the engineering mindset, providing them with the core knowledge and skills all engineers need to succeed. Through clear explanations and real-world examples--like how to provide water for rural communities in developing nations-- Introduction to Engineering teaches students to see the world through the eyes of an engineer, looking at how engineers apply science and technology to solve problems facing society today. Introduction to Engineering grew out of a course the author helped develop over the past decade at Notre Dame, and this approach has been field-tested and developed into a model for other schools.

Author Notes

Dr. Jay Brockman is concurrently serving as an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering and in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame.

Part I The Engineering Mindset	p. 1
1 Engineering and Society	p. 3
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.2 The Engineering Method	p. 5
1.2.1 Science, Mathematics, and Engineering	p. 5
1.2.2 Ingenuity: From Lifting Weights to Microelectronics	p. 6
1.2.3 Engineering Models	p. 9
1.3 Networks and Systems	p. 10
1.3.1 Everything is Connected to Everything	p. 10
1.3.2 A Web of Innovation	p. 11
1.3.3 Systems	p. 15
1.4 Engineering Disciplines and Majors	p. 18
1.4.1 Introduction	p. 18
1.4.2 Overview of Engineering Disciplines	p. 19
1.4.3 Professional Organizations	p. 27
1.4.4 Innovation at the Interfaces Between Disciplines	p. 27
1.5 Engineering and Computing	p. 31
1.5.1 Programming and Logical Thinking	p. 31
1.5.2 Number Crunching	p. 32
Problems	p. 36
2 Organization and Representation of Engineering Systems	p. 38
2.1 What We Think About How We Think	p. 38
2.1.1 Example: Doing Math in Your Head	p. 39
2.1.2 A Model for Cognitive Processing	p. 40
2.1.3 "How To" Knowledge and Problem Solving	p. 42
2.1.4 Mind and Brain	p. 46
2.2 Concept Maps	p. 48
2.2.1 What Is a Concept Map?	p. 48
2.2.2 How to Build a Good Concept Map	p. 50
2.2.3 Hierarchies	p. 54
2.3 Representation and Design	p. 58
2.3.1 Purpose, Environment, and Form	p. 58
2.3.2 Requirements, Specifications, and the Forces That Shape a Design	p. 62
2.3.3 Design Hierarchies	p. 65
2.4 Example: What Supply for Rural Communities in Developing Nations	p. 72
2.4.1 The Top-Level Problem: Meeting Community Needs	p. 74
2.4.2 A Lower-Level Problem: Design of a Handpump	p. 77
2.4.3 Even Lower-Level Design Details: Seals and Bearings	p. 82
Problems	p. 85
3 Learning and Problem Solving	p. 88
3.1 Introduction	p. 88
3.2 Expertise and The Learning Process	p. 89
3.3 What Do You Know? Levels of Understanding	p. 90
3.3.1 Knowledge: Recalling Facts from Memory	p. 92
3.3.2 Comprehension: Understanding Meaning	p. 93
3.3.3 Application: Using in New Situations	p. 93
3.3.4 Analysis: Breaking Down into Parts	p. 93
3.3.5 Synthesis: Constructing a New Integrated Whole	p. 94
3.3.6 Evaluation: Using Judgment to Make Decisions	p. 95
3.3.7 Social and Societal Responsibilities of Decision Making	p. 96
3.4 Getting Good Results from Your Learning Efforts	p. 96
3.4.1 Get Ready to Learn	p. 97
3.4.2 Building a Good Structure for Knowledge	p. 97
3.4.3 Metacognition: Monitoring Your Own Understanding	p. 101
3.5 A Framework for Problem Solving	p. 102
3.5.1 Problem Solving Step 0: I Can	p. 104
3.5.2 Problem Solving Step 1: Define	p. 104
3.5.3 Problem Solving Step 2: Explore	p. 105
3.5.4 Problem Solving Step 3: Plan	p. 106
3.5.5 Problem Solving Step 4: Implement	p. 109
3.5.6 Problem Solving Step 5: Check	p. 109
3.5.7 Problem Solving Step 6: Generalize	p. 111
3.5.8 Problem Solving Step 7: Present the Results	p. 111
3.6 How Much CO Does a Typical Passenger Car Produce?	p. 113
3.6.1 Define	p. 113
3.6.2 Explore	p. 114
3.6.3 Plan	p. 115
3.6.4 Do It	p. 115
3.6.5 Check	p. 117
3.6.6 Generalize	p. 117
3.6.7 Present the Results	p. 118
3.7 Planning Larger Projects	p. 120
3.7.1 SolderBaat-A Circuit Board Assembly and Test System	p. 121
3.7.2 Task Scheduling	p. 123
3.7.3 Teamwork and Results	p. 126
3.8 Heuristics	p. 128
3.8.1 Write It Down	p. 129
3.8.2 Restate in Simpler Terms	p. 129
3.8.3 Draw a Picture	p. 129
3.8.4 Do You Know a Related Problem?	p. 129
3.8.5 Work Backwards/Forwards	p. 130
3.8.6 Work Top-Down/Bottom-Up	p. 131
3.8.7 Divide and Conquer	p. 131
3.8.8 Check for Unnecessary Constraints	p. 133
3.8.9 Discuss	p. 134
3.8.10 Try Solving a Scaled-Down Version of the Problem	p. 134
3.8.11 Try Solving a Simpler but Related Problem	p. 135
3.8.12 Use Models	p. 135
3.8.13 Guess and Check	p. 136
3.8.14 Use an Analogy	p. 137
3.8.15 Change Your Perspective	p. 139
3.8.16 Look at the Big Picture	p. 140
3.8.17 Do the Easy Parts First	p. 140
3.8.18 Plug in Numbers	p. 140
3.8.19 Keep Track of Progress	p. 141
3.8.20 Change the Representation	p. 141
3.8.21 Replan	p. 142
3.8.22 Pay Attention to Hunches	p. 142
3.8.23 Take a Break	p. 142
Problems	p. 143
Part II Model-Based Design	p. 149
4 Laws of Nature and Theoretical Models	p. 151
4.1 Engineering Models	p. 151
4.2 Evolution of Theory	p. 154
4.3 Models of Motion	p. 156
4.3.1 Aristotle's Physics	p. 156
4.3.2 Galileo and the Scientific Method	p. 157
4.3.3 Rene Descartes and Conservation of Motion	p. 160
4.3.4 The Royal Society	p. 162
4.3.5 Huygens' Improvements to Descartes' Model	p. 163
4.3.6 Newton's Laws of Motion	p. 167
4.3.7 Leibniz and the "Living Force," Work and Energy	p. 169
4.4 Modeling the "Spring of Air"	p. 171
4.4.1 The Horror of the Vacuum	p. 171
4.4.2 Boyle's Law	p. 173
4.4.3 Hooke's Law	p. 175
4.5 The Birth of the Piston Engine	p. 178
4.5.1 Newcomen's Engine	p. 178
4.5.2 James Watt's Improvements to Newcomen's Design	p. 181
4.6 The Science of Thermodynamics	p. 183
4.6.1 Sadi Carnot and the Limits of Engine Efficiency	p. 183
4.6.2 James Joule: From Building a Better Brewery to a Theory of Heat and Energy	p. 185
4.7 Conservation of Mass	p. 188
4.7.1 Robert Boyle and The Sceptical Chymist	p. 188
4.7.2 Antoine Lavoisier	p. 189
4.8 Analysis Example: The Internal Combustion Engine	p. 190
4.8.1 Operation of a Four-Stroke Engine	p. 190
4.8.2 Efficiency of the Intake Stroke and Air/Fuel Ratio	p. 191
4.8.3 Efficiency of the Compression Stroke and the Compression Ratio	p. 192
4.9 Design Example: The Handpump	p. 195
4.9.1 Problem Definition and Plan of Attack	p. 195
4.9.2 Modeling Forces on the Piston	p. 199
4.9.3 Modeling the Handle Lever Arm	p. 202
4.9.4 Modeling Pump Efficiency	p. 205
Problems	p. 208
5 Data Analysis and Empirical Models	p. 214
5.1 Introduction	p. 214
5.2 Theory and Data	p. 215
5.2.1 Validating Boyle's Law	p. 215
5.2.2 Exponential Change, Log Plots, and Moore's Law	p. 218
5.3 Empirical Models	p. 222
5.3.1 Introduction	p. 222
5.3.2 Running an Experiment	p. 222
5.3.3 Interpolation and Fitting a Line to the Data	p. 223
5.4 Using Statistics to Quantify Uncertainty	p. 226
5.4.1 Sources of Uncertainty	p. 227
5.4.2 Mean and Standard Deviation: Systematic and Random Error	p. 228
5.4.3 Estimating Probability	p. 230
5.4.4 Frequency of Results and Histograms	p. 233
5.4.5 The Theory of the Bell Curve	p. 234
5.5 Trade Studies: Evaluating Tradeoffs Between Design Variables	p. 236
5.5.1 Methodology: Making and Using Maps	p. 238
5.5.2 Problem Definition and Plan of Attack	p. 240
5.5.3 Mapping the Design Space	p. 242
5.5.4 Finding Settings to Satisfy Distance Constraints	p. 245
5.5.5 Minimizing Energy while Launching at a Target	p. 248
Problems	p. 253
6 Modeling Interrelationships in Systems: Lightweight Structures	p. 261
6.1 Introduction	p. 261
6.2 The Statics Perspective	p. 263
6.2.1 Force as a Vector	p. 263
6.2.2 Addition of Forces	p. 265
6.2.3 Equilibrium of a Point or Particle	p. 269
6.2.4 Equilibrium of Pinned Joints and Bars	p. 270
6.2.5 Loads, Supports, and Reaction Forces	p. 273
6.2.6 Static Analysis of a Complete Truss	p. 275
6.3 The Materials Perspective	p. 279
6.3.1 Bars as Springs: Hooke's Law and Young's Modulus	p. 279
6.3.2 Strength of Materials	p. 285
6.3.3 Buckling	p. 289
6.4 Putting It All Together	p. 291
6.4.1 Statics Perspective	p. 291
6.4.2 Materials Perspective	p. 293
6.4.3 Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Trusses	p. 294
6.5 Example: A Trade Study of Strength versus Weight in a Truss	p. 296
6.5.1 Problem Definition and Plan of Attack	p. 296
6.5.2 Implementation of the Plan	p. 301
6.5.3 Finding an Acceptable Design	p. 306
Problems	p. 307
7 Modeling Interrelationships in Systems: Digital Electronic Circuits	p. 315
7.1 Introduction	p. 315
7.2 Computing Machines	p. 316
7.2.1 The Logical and Physical Views	p. 316
7.2.2 History and Background	p. 321
7.3 Digital Circuits from the Symbolic and Logical Perspective	p. 325
7.3.1 Boolean Logic	p. 326
7.3.2 Building Computing Machines Out of Switches	p. 330
7.3.3 Binary Representation of Numbers	p. 332
7.3.4 Adding Numbers with Switches	p. 335
7.4 Digital Circuits from the Electronics Perspective	p. 337
7.4.1 Electricity	p. 337
7.4.2 Electronic Devices	p. 343
7.4.3 Electrical Circuits	p. 347
7.5 Putting It All Together: Design of an Inverter	p. 353
7.5.1 Background	p. 353
7.5.2 Problem Definition and Plan of Attack	p. 354
7.5.3 Choosing Device Sizes	p. 356
7.5.4 Calculating Power Consumption	p. 358
Problems	p. 360
8 Modeling Change in Systems	p. 366
8.1 Introduction	p. 366
8.2 Predicting the Future: Accumulation of Change	p. 367
8.2.1 The State of a System	p. 367
8.2.2 Euler's Method: Predicting Change from One State to the Next	p. 370
8.3 Launching a Softball	p. 373
8.3.1 Problem Definition and Plan of Attack	p. 374
8.3.2 Modeling the Softball Trajectory Without Drag	p. 376
8.3.3 Modeling the Softball Trajectory with Drag	p. 379
8.3.4 Continuous Versus Discrete Models	p. 384
8.4 Running Out of Gas	p. 385
8.4.1 Background	p. 386
8.4.2 Problem Definition and Plan of Attack	p. 395
8.4.3 Flow Rates and Conservation of Mass	p. 396
8.4.4 Growth at a Constant Rate: Population and Per-Capita Oil Consumption	p. 398
8.4.5 Putting It All Together	p. 400
8.4.6 Will We Really Run Out of Oil by 2040?	p. 406
Problems	p. 407
Part III Problem Solving with Matlab	p. 417
9 Getting Started with MATLAB	p. 419
9.1 Your First MATLAB Session	p. 419
9.1.1 Interpreting Simple Arithmetic Expressions	p. 419
9.1.2 Variables	p. 421
9.1.3 Scripts	p. 422
9.2 Examples	p. 424
9.2.1 Determining Velocities After a Collision	p. 424
9.2.2 Mass of CO[subscript 2] Produced by a Car	p. 425
Problems	p. 426
10 Vector Operations in MATLAB	p. 432
10.1 Introduction	p. 432
10.2 Basic Operations	p. 433
10.2.1 Defining and Accessing Vectors	p. 433
10.2.2 Element-Wise Arithmetic Operations on Vectors	p. 435
10.2.3 Example: Validating Boyle's Law	p. 436
10.3 Simple Two-Dimensional Plots and Graphs	p. 438
10.3.1 Plot Basics	p. 438
10.3.2 Adding Titles and Labels	p. 439
10.3.3 Changing Line Styles	p. 440
10.3.4 Multiple Plots on One Set of Axes	p. 440
10.3.5 Multiple Sets of Axes in One Figure	p. 441
10.3.6 Plotting Functions	p. 442
10.3.7 Specialized Plotting	p. 443
10.3.8 Example: Plotting the Results of Boyle's Experiment	p. 444
10.3.9 Example: Moore's Law and Log Plots	p. 446
10.4 Statistics	p. 448
10.4.1 The Basics: Minimum, Maximum, Averages, etc.	p. 449
10.4.2 Counting Values in a Range	p. 450
10.4.3 Bin Counts and Histograms	p. 453
10.4.4 Where to Learn More	p. 455
Problems	p. 455
11 Matrix Operations in MATLAB	p. 463
11.1 Basic Operations	p. 463
11.1.1 Defining and Accessing Matrices	p. 463
11.1.2 Element-Wise Arithmetic Operations on Matrices	p. 467
11.2 Parameter Sweeps Over Two Variables	p. 468
11.2.1 Creating Tables Using Code meshgrid	p. 468
11.2.2 Example: Force on the Piston of a Pump Versus Well Depth and Cylinder Radius	p. 469
11.3 Plotting 3-Dimensional Data	p. 471
11.3.1 Mesh and Surface Plots	p. 471
11.3.2 Contour Plots	p. 472
11.3.3 Side-View Cross-Section Plots	p. 473
11.4 Matrix Arithmetic	p. 474
11.4.1 Zero Matrix	p. 474
11.4.2 Equality of Matrices	p. 475
11.4.3 Matrix Addition	p. 475
11.4.4 Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar	p. 476
11.4.5 Matrix Subtraction	p. 477
11.4.6 Matrix Multiplication	p. 477
11.5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations	p. 480
11.5.1 Linear Equations in Matrix Form	p. 480
11.5.2 The Identity Matrix and the Inverse of a Matrix	p. 481
11.5.3 Solving Matrix Equations Using Inversion	p. 483
11.5.4 Solving Matrix Equations Using the Backslash Operator	p. 484
11.5.5 Example: Analysis of a Truss	p. 484
11.5.6 Example: Analysis of Electrical Circuits	p. 487
Problems	p. 492
12 Introduction to Algorithms and Programming In MATLAB	p. 498
12.1 Algorithms, Flow Charts, and Pseudocode	p. 498
12.1.1 What Is an Algorithm?	p. 498
12.1.2 Describing Simple Sequences of Operations	p. 499
12.1.3 Subroutines	p. 501
12.1.4 Conditional Branches	p. 502
12.1.5 Loops	p. 506
12.2 MATLAB Functions	p. 510
12.2.1 Mathematical Functions Versus MATLAB Functions	p. 510
12.2.2 Functions Calling Functions	p. 513
12.2.3 Watching a Function Call Through the MATLAB Debugger	p. 514
12.3 Conditional Selection Statements	p. 517
12.3.1 Review of Logic Expressions	p. 518
12.3.2 IF/ELSE Statements	p. 519
12.3.3 Stepping Through an IF Statement in the Debugger	p. 520
12.4 Loops or Repetition Statements	p. 522
12.4.1 WHILE Loops	p. 522
12.4.2 FOR Loops	p. 523
12.4.3 Watching a Loop in the Debugger	p. 523
12.4.4 Nested Loops	p. 524
12.4.5 Common Loop Bugs	p. 525
12.5 Examples of Functions, Conditionals, and Loops	p. 526
12.5.1 Subfunctions: The Cake Recipe	p. 526
12.5.2 Vector and Matrix Functions	p. 527
12.6 Accumulation of Change	p. 529
12.6.1 Review: Modeling Population Growth	p. 530
12.6.2 Modeling the Trajectory of a Softball with Drag	p. 532
Problems	p. 534
Appendix A Problem Solving Process	p. 548
Appendix B Bloom's Taxonomy: Levels of Understanding	p. 550
Appendix C Engineering Societies and Professional Organizations	p. 551
Appendix D Systems of Units	p. 554
D.1 The SI System	p. 554
D.2 Non-SI Units and Conversion Factors	p. 556
Bibliography	p. 558
Index	p. 565

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