Title:
Nuclear, chemical, and biological terrorism : Emergency Response and Public Protection
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
London : Lewis Publishers, 2003
Physical Description:
173 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9781566706513
Added Author:
Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010207416 | RC88.9.T47 B97 2003 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
On Order
Summary
Summary
This book provides guidance on measures that should be considered to protect human lives from terrorist activities involving nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. It provides a historical summary of the development and use of these weapons, and continues with a detailed discussion of the types of radiation and warfare agents that are available, including methods for dispersing them. The text also analyzes human exposure to radiation or chemical and biological agents, along with treatment methods that are available to treat exposed individuals. The authors provide an exploratory look at emergency preparedness measures that can be enacted to mitigate future emergencies, including training techniques and strategies.
Table of Contents
Dedication | p. xviii |
Abbreviations and Acronyms | p. xix |
Glossary | p. xxi |
Chapter 1 Introduction | |
1.1 Purpose and Scope | p. 1 |
1.2 Historical Perspective on Terrorism Targeted against the U.S. | p. 3 |
1.3 Historical Development of Nuclear Weapons | p. 9 |
1.3.1 The Race to Develop the First Nuclear Weapon | p. 9 |
1.3.2 Modern Nuclear Weapons | p. 12 |
1.3.3 Modern Weapons Using Depleted-Uranium Projectiles | p. 13 |
1.3.4 Other Potential Terrorist Uses for Radioactive Materials | p. 14 |
1.4 Historical Development of Chemical Weapons | p. 18 |
1.4.1 Geneva Protocol | p. 19 |
1.4.2 A New Age of Chemical Weapons Development | p. 20 |
1.4.3 Prohibition of Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Biologic and Toxic Weapons | p. 20 |
1.4.4 Weaponization and Delivery of Chemical Agents | p. 21 |
1.5 Historical Development of Biological Weapons | p. 21 |
1.5.1 Modern Biological Weapons | p. 22 |
1.5.2 Current Genetic and Molecular Engineering | p. 22 |
1.5.3 Post-September 11 Anthrax Attacks | p. 23 |
1.5.4 Agroterrorism | p. 24 |
1.6 Conventional Explosives Available for Dispersing Agents | p. 24 |
1.6.1 Primary Explosives | p. 26 |
1.6.1.1 Lead Azide | p. 26 |
1.6.1.2 Silver Azide | p. 26 |
1.6.1.3 Tetrazene | p. 27 |
1.6.1.4 Lead Styphnate | p. 27 |
1.6.1.5 Mercury Fulminate | p. 27 |
1.6.1.6 Diazodinitrophenol | p. 27 |
1.6.2 Secondary Explosives | p. 27 |
1.6.2.1 Trinitrotoluene (TNT) | p. 28 |
1.6.2.2 Tetryl | p. 28 |
1.6.2.3 Picric Acid | p. 28 |
1.6.2.4 Nitrocellulose | p. 28 |
1.6.2.5 Nitroglycerine | p. 29 |
1.6.2.6 Nitroguanidine | p. 29 |
1.6.2.7 Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) | p. 29 |
1.6.2.8 Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (Octogen or HMX) | p. 29 |
1.6.2.9 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) | p. 30 |
1.6.2.10 Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) | p. 30 |
1.6.2.11 Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) | p. 30 |
1.6.3 Propellants | p. 30 |
1.6.3.1 Gun Propellants | p. 30 |
1.6.3.2 Rocket Propellants | p. 31 |
1.6.4 Pyrotechnics | p. 31 |
1.6.5 Other Compounds Used in Explosives | p. 32 |
1.6.6 Initiation Techniques | p. 32 |
1.6.7 Analytical Methods for Testing for Explosives | p. 32 |
1.6.8 Triggering Mechanisms for Explosive Devices | p. 35 |
References | p. 35 |
Chapter 2 General Types of Radiation and Warfare Agents | |
2.1 Radiation | p. 37 |
2.1.1 External Radiation | p. 37 |
2.1.1.1 Gamma Particles | p. 38 |
2.1.1.2 Beta Particles | p. 38 |
2.1.1.3 Alpha Particles | p. 39 |
2.1.2 Internal Radiation | p. 39 |
2.1.3 Radiation Source Material | p. 40 |
2.1.3.1 Potential Source Materials | p. 40 |
2.1.3.2 Black Market Activities involving Radiological Materials | p. 41 |
2.2 Chemical Warfare Agents | p. 44 |
2.3 Biological Warfare Agents | p. 46 |
References | p. 47 |
Chapter 3 General Hazards from Exposure to Radiation and Warfare Agents | |
3.1 Radiation | p. 49 |
3.1.1 Radiation Damage in Human Tissue | p. 49 |
3.1.2 Chronic Radiation Exposures | p. 50 |
3.1.3 Acute Radiation Exposures | p. 52 |
3.2 Chemical Agents | p. 52 |
3.2.1 Blister Agents | p. 52 |
3.2.1.1 Mustards | p. 55 |
3.2.1.2 Arsenicals | p. 56 |
3.2.1.3 Nitrogen Mustards | p. 59 |
3.2.1.4 Oximes | p. 62 |
3.2.1.5 Mixes | p. 63 |
3.2.2 Blood Agents | p. 64 |
3.2.2.1 Hydrogen Cyanide (AC) | p. 64 |
3.2.2.2 Cyanogen Chloride (CK) | p. 65 |
3.2.2.3 Arsine (SA) | p. 65 |
3.2.3 Choking Agents | p. 66 |
3.2.3.1 Chlorine | p. 66 |
3.2.3.2 Phosgene (CG) | p. 67 |
3.2.3.3 Diphosgene (DP) | p. 67 |
3.2.4 Nerve Agents | p. 68 |
3.2.4.1 Tabun (GA) | p. 68 |
3.2.4.2 Sarin (GB) | p. 69 |
3.2.4.3 Soman (GD) | p. 70 |
3.2.4.4 V-Gas (VX) | p. 71 |
3.3 Biological Agents | p. 71 |
3.3.1 Bacterial Agents | p. 71 |
3.3.1.1 Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) | p. 72 |
3.3.1.2 Yersinia pestis (Plague) | p. 74 |
3.3.1.3 Brucella melitensis (Brucellosis) | p. 74 |
3.3.1.4 Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) | p. 75 |
3.3.1.5 Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) | p. 76 |
3.3.1.6 Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) | p. 76 |
3.3.1.7 Burkholdera mallei (Glanders) | p. 77 |
3.3.1.8 Burkholdera pseudomallei (Melioidosis) | p. 78 |
3.3.2 Viral Agents | p. 78 |
3.3.2.1 Variola Major (Smallpox) | p. 78 |
3.3.2.2 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis | p. 79 |
3.3.2.3 Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever | p. 80 |
3.3.2.4 Rift Valley Hemorrhagic Fever | p. 81 |
3.3.3 Toxins | p. 81 |
3.3.3.1 Clostridium botulinum toxin | p. 81 |
3.3.3.2 Clostridium perfringens toxin | p. 82 |
3.3.3.3 Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B | p. 83 |
3.3.3.4 Ricin | p. 84 |
3.3.3.5 Saxitoxins | p. 84 |
3.3.3.6 Trichothecene Mycotoxins (T-2) | p. 85 |
References | p. 103 |
Chapter 4 Minimizing Exposure to Radiation and Warfare Agents | |
4.1 Time of Exposure | p. 105 |
4.2 Distance | p. 107 |
4.3 Shielding | p. 108 |
4.4 Summary | p. 109 |
Chapter 5 Responding to a Nuclear Explosion | |
5.1 Nuclear Explosion Basics | p. 111 |
5.1.1 General Discussion | p. 111 |
5.1.1.1 Radius of Complete Destruction | p. 112 |
5.1.1.2 Air Blast | p. 113 |
5.1.1.3 Thermal Burns | p. 113 |
5.1.1.4 Initial Radiation | p. 114 |
5.1.1.5 Fallout | p. 114 |
5.1.1.6 Combined Effects | p. 114 |
5.2 Response to Nuclear Explosion | p. 116 |
5.2.1 Time of Exposure | p. 116 |
5.2.2 Shielding | p. 118 |
5.2.3 Distance | p. 120 |
5.3 Summary | p. 120 |
References | p. 121 |
Chapter 6 Preparing for a Nuclear, Chemical, or Biological Attack | |
6.1 Emergency Preparedness Plan | p. 124 |
6.2 Emergency Preparedness Training | p. 126 |
6.3 Emergency Preparedness Practice Drills | p. 127 |
6.4 Alarm Systems | p. 128 |
6.5 Air Purification Systems | p. 129 |
6.6 Water Purification Systems | p. 133 |
6.7 Personal Protective Equipment | p. 135 |
6.8 First Aid Kits | p. 139 |
6.9 Communication Devices | p. 140 |
6.10 Emergency Lighting | p. 140 |
6.11 Emergency Food Supplies | p. 140 |
6.12 Screening Instruments | p. 141 |
6.13 Summary | p. 143 |
Reference | p. 144 |
Chapter 7 Guidance for Emergency Responders | |
7.1 Prioritizing Injuries | p. 145 |
7.2 Assessing Patients for Contamination | p. 146 |
7.3 Personnel Decontamination Procedures | p. 147 |
7.3.1 Radiation Decontamination Procedure | p. 147 |
7.3.2 Chemical Agent Decontamination Method I | p. 148 |
7.3.3 Chemical Agent Decontamination Method II | p. 149 |
7.4 Exposure Guidance for Emergency Responders | p. 150 |
7.5 Training For Emergency Responders | p. 151 |
References | p. 152 |
Chapter 8 Summary of Recommendations | |
8.1 Minimizing Exposure to Radiation (Dirty Bomb) and Warfare Agents | p. 153 |
8.2 Minimizing Exposure to Radiation from Nuclear Explosion | p. 154 |
8.3 Preparing for a Nuclear, Chemical, or Biological Attack | p. 154 |
8.3.1 Emergency Preparedness | p. 154 |
8.3.2 Alarm Systems | p. 155 |
8.3.3 Air Purification Systems | p. 155 |
8.3.4 Water Purification Systems | p. 156 |
8.3.5 Personal Protective Equipment | p. 156 |
8.3.6 First Aid Kits | p. 156 |
8.3.7 Communication Devices | p. 157 |
8.3.8 Eergency Lighting | p. 157 |
8.3.9 Emergency Food Supplies | p. 158 |
8.3.10 Screening Instruments | p. 158 |
8.4 Guidance for Emergency Responders | p. 158 |
Bibliography | p. 161 |
Index | p. 167 |