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Cover image for Nuclear, chemical, and biological terrorism : Emergency Response and Public Protection
Title:
Nuclear, chemical, and biological terrorism : Emergency Response and Public Protection
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Publication Information:
London : Lewis Publishers, 2003
Physical Description:
173 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9781566706513
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30000010207416 RC88.9.T47 B97 2003 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

This book provides guidance on measures that should be considered to protect human lives from terrorist activities involving nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. It provides a historical summary of the development and use of these weapons, and continues with a detailed discussion of the types of radiation and warfare agents that are available, including methods for dispersing them. The text also analyzes human exposure to radiation or chemical and biological agents, along with treatment methods that are available to treat exposed individuals. The authors provide an exploratory look at emergency preparedness measures that can be enacted to mitigate future emergencies, including training techniques and strategies.


Table of Contents

Dedicationp. xviii
Abbreviations and Acronymsp. xix
Glossaryp. xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose and Scopep. 1
1.2 Historical Perspective on Terrorism Targeted against the U.S.p. 3
1.3 Historical Development of Nuclear Weaponsp. 9
1.3.1 The Race to Develop the First Nuclear Weaponp. 9
1.3.2 Modern Nuclear Weaponsp. 12
1.3.3 Modern Weapons Using Depleted-Uranium Projectilesp. 13
1.3.4 Other Potential Terrorist Uses for Radioactive Materialsp. 14
1.4 Historical Development of Chemical Weaponsp. 18
1.4.1 Geneva Protocolp. 19
1.4.2 A New Age of Chemical Weapons Developmentp. 20
1.4.3 Prohibition of Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Biologic and Toxic Weaponsp. 20
1.4.4 Weaponization and Delivery of Chemical Agentsp. 21
1.5 Historical Development of Biological Weaponsp. 21
1.5.1 Modern Biological Weaponsp. 22
1.5.2 Current Genetic and Molecular Engineeringp. 22
1.5.3 Post-September 11 Anthrax Attacksp. 23
1.5.4 Agroterrorismp. 24
1.6 Conventional Explosives Available for Dispersing Agentsp. 24
1.6.1 Primary Explosivesp. 26
1.6.1.1 Lead Azidep. 26
1.6.1.2 Silver Azidep. 26
1.6.1.3 Tetrazenep. 27
1.6.1.4 Lead Styphnatep. 27
1.6.1.5 Mercury Fulminatep. 27
1.6.1.6 Diazodinitrophenolp. 27
1.6.2 Secondary Explosivesp. 27
1.6.2.1 Trinitrotoluene (TNT)p. 28
1.6.2.2 Tetrylp. 28
1.6.2.3 Picric Acidp. 28
1.6.2.4 Nitrocellulosep. 28
1.6.2.5 Nitroglycerinep. 29
1.6.2.6 Nitroguanidinep. 29
1.6.2.7 Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)p. 29
1.6.2.8 Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (Octogen or HMX)p. 29
1.6.2.9 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)p. 30
1.6.2.10 Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN)p. 30
1.6.2.11 Hexanitrostilbene (HNS)p. 30
1.6.3 Propellantsp. 30
1.6.3.1 Gun Propellantsp. 30
1.6.3.2 Rocket Propellantsp. 31
1.6.4 Pyrotechnicsp. 31
1.6.5 Other Compounds Used in Explosivesp. 32
1.6.6 Initiation Techniquesp. 32
1.6.7 Analytical Methods for Testing for Explosivesp. 32
1.6.8 Triggering Mechanisms for Explosive Devicesp. 35
Referencesp. 35
Chapter 2 General Types of Radiation and Warfare Agents
2.1 Radiationp. 37
2.1.1 External Radiationp. 37
2.1.1.1 Gamma Particlesp. 38
2.1.1.2 Beta Particlesp. 38
2.1.1.3 Alpha Particlesp. 39
2.1.2 Internal Radiationp. 39
2.1.3 Radiation Source Materialp. 40
2.1.3.1 Potential Source Materialsp. 40
2.1.3.2 Black Market Activities involving Radiological Materialsp. 41
2.2 Chemical Warfare Agentsp. 44
2.3 Biological Warfare Agentsp. 46
Referencesp. 47
Chapter 3 General Hazards from Exposure to Radiation and Warfare Agents
3.1 Radiationp. 49
3.1.1 Radiation Damage in Human Tissuep. 49
3.1.2 Chronic Radiation Exposuresp. 50
3.1.3 Acute Radiation Exposuresp. 52
3.2 Chemical Agentsp. 52
3.2.1 Blister Agentsp. 52
3.2.1.1 Mustardsp. 55
3.2.1.2 Arsenicalsp. 56
3.2.1.3 Nitrogen Mustardsp. 59
3.2.1.4 Oximesp. 62
3.2.1.5 Mixesp. 63
3.2.2 Blood Agentsp. 64
3.2.2.1 Hydrogen Cyanide (AC)p. 64
3.2.2.2 Cyanogen Chloride (CK)p. 65
3.2.2.3 Arsine (SA)p. 65
3.2.3 Choking Agentsp. 66
3.2.3.1 Chlorinep. 66
3.2.3.2 Phosgene (CG)p. 67
3.2.3.3 Diphosgene (DP)p. 67
3.2.4 Nerve Agentsp. 68
3.2.4.1 Tabun (GA)p. 68
3.2.4.2 Sarin (GB)p. 69
3.2.4.3 Soman (GD)p. 70
3.2.4.4 V-Gas (VX)p. 71
3.3 Biological Agentsp. 71
3.3.1 Bacterial Agentsp. 71
3.3.1.1 Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)p. 72
3.3.1.2 Yersinia pestis (Plague)p. 74
3.3.1.3 Brucella melitensis (Brucellosis)p. 74
3.3.1.4 Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)p. 75
3.3.1.5 Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)p. 76
3.3.1.6 Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)p. 76
3.3.1.7 Burkholdera mallei (Glanders)p. 77
3.3.1.8 Burkholdera pseudomallei (Melioidosis)p. 78
3.3.2 Viral Agentsp. 78
3.3.2.1 Variola Major (Smallpox)p. 78
3.3.2.2 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitisp. 79
3.3.2.3 Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Feverp. 80
3.3.2.4 Rift Valley Hemorrhagic Feverp. 81
3.3.3 Toxinsp. 81
3.3.3.1 Clostridium botulinum toxinp. 81
3.3.3.2 Clostridium perfringens toxinp. 82
3.3.3.3 Staphylococcus Enterotoxin Bp. 83
3.3.3.4 Ricinp. 84
3.3.3.5 Saxitoxinsp. 84
3.3.3.6 Trichothecene Mycotoxins (T-2)p. 85
Referencesp. 103
Chapter 4 Minimizing Exposure to Radiation and Warfare Agents
4.1 Time of Exposurep. 105
4.2 Distancep. 107
4.3 Shieldingp. 108
4.4 Summaryp. 109
Chapter 5 Responding to a Nuclear Explosion
5.1 Nuclear Explosion Basicsp. 111
5.1.1 General Discussionp. 111
5.1.1.1 Radius of Complete Destructionp. 112
5.1.1.2 Air Blastp. 113
5.1.1.3 Thermal Burnsp. 113
5.1.1.4 Initial Radiationp. 114
5.1.1.5 Falloutp. 114
5.1.1.6 Combined Effectsp. 114
5.2 Response to Nuclear Explosionp. 116
5.2.1 Time of Exposurep. 116
5.2.2 Shieldingp. 118
5.2.3 Distancep. 120
5.3 Summaryp. 120
Referencesp. 121
Chapter 6 Preparing for a Nuclear, Chemical, or Biological Attack
6.1 Emergency Preparedness Planp. 124
6.2 Emergency Preparedness Trainingp. 126
6.3 Emergency Preparedness Practice Drillsp. 127
6.4 Alarm Systemsp. 128
6.5 Air Purification Systemsp. 129
6.6 Water Purification Systemsp. 133
6.7 Personal Protective Equipmentp. 135
6.8 First Aid Kitsp. 139
6.9 Communication Devicesp. 140
6.10 Emergency Lightingp. 140
6.11 Emergency Food Suppliesp. 140
6.12 Screening Instrumentsp. 141
6.13 Summaryp. 143
Referencep. 144
Chapter 7 Guidance for Emergency Responders
7.1 Prioritizing Injuriesp. 145
7.2 Assessing Patients for Contaminationp. 146
7.3 Personnel Decontamination Proceduresp. 147
7.3.1 Radiation Decontamination Procedurep. 147
7.3.2 Chemical Agent Decontamination Method Ip. 148
7.3.3 Chemical Agent Decontamination Method IIp. 149
7.4 Exposure Guidance for Emergency Respondersp. 150
7.5 Training For Emergency Respondersp. 151
Referencesp. 152
Chapter 8 Summary of Recommendations
8.1 Minimizing Exposure to Radiation (Dirty Bomb) and Warfare Agentsp. 153
8.2 Minimizing Exposure to Radiation from Nuclear Explosionp. 154
8.3 Preparing for a Nuclear, Chemical, or Biological Attackp. 154
8.3.1 Emergency Preparednessp. 154
8.3.2 Alarm Systemsp. 155
8.3.3 Air Purification Systemsp. 155
8.3.4 Water Purification Systemsp. 156
8.3.5 Personal Protective Equipmentp. 156
8.3.6 First Aid Kitsp. 156
8.3.7 Communication Devicesp. 157
8.3.8 Eergency Lightingp. 157
8.3.9 Emergency Food Suppliesp. 158
8.3.10 Screening Instrumentsp. 158
8.4 Guidance for Emergency Respondersp. 158
Bibliographyp. 161
Indexp. 167
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