Surface engineered surgical tools and medical devices

This book examines the interaction between nano tools and nano materials. It explains the use of appropriate tools in surgery for a variety of applications and provides a complete description of clinical procedures accompanied by photographs. Coverage also presents the latest developments in surface coatings technology such as chemical vapor deposition for use on complex cutting tools for biomedical applications.

Foreword	p. v
Preface	p. vii
List of Authors	p. xv
Nomenclature	p. xxi
1 Atomic Scale Machining of Surfaces	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Theoretical Basis of Nanomachining	p. 3
1.3 Further Developments	p. 18
References	p. 18
2 Anodization: A Promising Nano-Modification Technique of Titanium-based Implants for Orthopedic Applications	p. 21
2.1 Introduction	p. 21
2.2 Anodization of Titanium	p. 23
2.3 Structure and Properties of Anodized Oxide Film	p. 34
2.4 Future Directions	p. 44
References	p. 45
3 Titanium Dioxide Coatings in Medical Device Applications	p. 49
3.1 Introduction	p. 49
References	p. 62
4 The Effect of Shape and Surface Modificationon the Corrosion of Biomedical Nitinol Alloy Wires Exposed to Saline Solution	p. 65
4.1 Introduction	p. 65
4.2 Experimental Methods	p. 66
4.3 Summary	p. 78
References	p. 80
5 Cardiovascular Interventionaland Implantable Devices	p. 83
5.1 Introduction	p. 83
5.2 Cardiovascular Interventional Tools	p. 83
5.3 Key Surface Properties for Cardiovascular Interventional Devices	p. 86
5.4 Cardiovascular Implantable Devices	p. 87
5.5 Electrical Implantable Devices	p. 88
5.6 Mechanical Implantables	p. 91
5.7 Important Surface Properties for Implantable Cardiovascular Devices	p. 94
References	p. 96
6 Surface Engineering Artificial Heart Valvesto Improve Quality of Life and Lifetimeusing Modified Diamond-like Coatings	p. 99
6.1 Introduction	p. 99
6.2 History of Mechanical Heart Valves	p. 100
6.3 Thrombosis	p. 107
6.4 Hemocompatibility	p. 109
6.5 Endothelium and Endothelial Cell Seeding	p. 112
6.6 Surface Engineering Artificial Heart Valves	p. 114
6.7 Summary	p. 133
References	p. 135
7 Diamond Surgical Tools	p. 141
7.1 Introduction	p. 141
7.2 Properties of Diamond	p. 143
7.3 History of Diamond	p. 143
7.4 CVD Diamond Technology	p. 149
7.5 CVD Diamond Processes	p. 150
7.6 Treatment of Substrate	p. 154
7.7 Modification of HFCVD Process	p. 159
7.8 Nucleation and Growth	p. 162
7.9 Deposition on 3-D Substrates	p. 171
7.10 Wear of Diamond	p. 180
7.11 Time-Modulated CVD Diamond	p. 188
7.12 Conclusions	p. 196
References	p. 196
8 Dental Tool Technology	p. 201
8.1 Introduction	p. 201
8.2 Burs and Abrasive Points	p. 203
8.3 Classification of Dental Burs	p. 207
8.4 Coding of Dental Tools	p. 207
8.5 Dental Devices	p. 212
8.6 Dental Laboratory Materials	p. 213
8.7 Dental Cutting Tools	p. 224
8.8 Health and Safety	p. 229
References	p. 231
9 Nanocrystalline Diamond: Deposition Routes and Clinical Applications	p. 241
9.1 Introduction	p. 241
9.2 Nanocrystalline Diamond	p. 243
9.3 Clinical Applications	p. 256
9.4 Summary	p. 264
References	p. 265
10 Environmental Engineering Controls and Monitoring in Medical Device Manufacturing	p. 273
10.1 Introduction	p. 273
10.2 Stressor Source, Properties, and Characteristics	p. 275
10.3 Sterilization	p. 275
10.4 Cleaning, Etching, and Surface Preparation	p. 284
10.5 Adhesive Applications	p. 294
10.6 Coating Applications	p. 295
10.7 Drilling, Grinding, Cutting, and Machining	p. 296
10.8 Welding and Soldering	p. 298
10.9 General Maintenance Activities	p. 299
10.10 Laboratory Research and Testing	p. 300
10.11 Environmental and Engineering Controls	p. 301
10.12 Substitution	p. 302
10.13 Process Controls	p. 302
10.14 Enclosure/Isolation	p. 303
10.15 Process Change or Elimination	p. 304
10.16 Ventilation Controls	p. 304
10.17 Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing	p. 312
10.18 Control Strategies in Device Manufacturing	p. 312
10.19 Monitoring	p. 314
10.20 Particle, Fumes, and Aerosol Monitoring	p. 315
10.21 Vapors and Gases	p. 321
10.22 Ionizing Radiation	p. 327
10.23 Non-Ionizing Radiation	p. 329
10.24 Noise and Heat Stress	p. 330
10.25 Microbial Environmental Monitoring	p. 331
10.26 Clean Room Monitoring Requirements	p. 334
10.27 Monitor Selection in Device Manufacturing	p. 335
10.28 Summary	p. 337
References	p. 337
11 Biomaterial-CeN-Tissue Interactions In Surface Engineered Carbon-Based Biomedical Implants and Devices	p. 341
11.1 Introduction	p. 341
11.2 Potential Biomedical Applications of DLC	p. 347
11.3 Definitions and General Aspects of Biocompatibility	p. 348
11.4 Blood	p. 350
11.5 Cell Culture/Seeding Peculiar to Each Cell	p. 356
11.6 Statistics and Counting of Cells	p. 359
11.7 Stereological Investigations	p. 360
11.8 Photo-Fluorescent Imaging of Cells/Tissues	p. 361
11.9 Biocompatibility and Hemo-compatibility Models	p. 363
11.10 Carbon-based Materials Interaction with Selected Proteins and Cells	p. 367
11.11 DLC Interactions with Fibroblasts In-Vitro	p. 368
11.12 Endothelial Pre-seeding on Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering	p. 400
11.13 Bio-Assays and Assessment of Intracellular Activities	p. 406
11.14 In-vivo Studies of Carbon-based Materials: Cell-Tissue Interactions In-situ	p. 417
11.15 On-going and Future Investigations	p. 426
References	p. 429
12 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bio-Nanotechnology	p. 439
12.1 Introduction	p. 439
12.2 Bio-Nanomaterials	p. 440
12.3 Carbon Nanotubes	p. 441
12.4 Analysis	p. 464
12.5 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes	p. 468
12.6 Conclusions	p. 469
References	p. 469
13 Bonelike Graft for Regenerative Bone Applications	p. 477
13.1 Introduction	p. 477
13.2 Synthetic Bone Graft Material - Bonelike	p. 486
13.3 Summary	p. 509
References	p. 509
14 Machining Cancellous Bone Prior to Prosthetic Implantation	p. 513
14.1 Introduction	p. 513
14.2 Structure of Cancellous Bone	p. 514
14.3 Theory of Micromachining	p. 515
14.4 Initial Chip Curl Modeling	p. 518
14.5 Experimental	p. 524
14.6 Discussion	p. 529
14.7 Conclusions	p. 530
References	p. 531
15 Titanium and Titanium Alloy Applicationsin Medicine	p. 533
15.1 Metallurgical Aspects	p. 533
15.2 Principal Requirements of Medical Implants	p. 545
15.3 Shape Memory Alloys	p. 554
15.4 Conclusions	p. 568
References	p. 568
Subject Index	p. 577

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