Medical instrumentation : application and design

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Title:

Edition:

3rd ed

Publication Information:

New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1998

ISBN:

9780471153689

Subject Term:

Medical instruments and apparatus

Biomedical engineering -- Instrumentation

Added Author:

Webster, John G., 1932-

Clark, John W. (John William), 1936-

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000003553991	R856 M42 1998	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010062120	R856 M42 1998	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ KL	30000004448423	R856 M42 1998	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This well-established text describes the principles, applications and design of the medical instrumentation most commonly used in hospitals. Because equipment changes with time, the authors stress fundamental principles of operation and general types of equipment. They avoid detailed descriptions and photographs of specific models. Design principles are emphasized so that a scientist with only some background in electronics can gain enough information to design instruments that may not be commercially available. Since biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field, the authors have provided varied healthcare industry applications for each type of instrument.

Walter H. OlsonRobert A. Peura and John G. WebsterJohn G. WebsterJohn W. Clark, Jr.Michael R. NeumanMichael R. NeumanRobert A. PeuraJohn G. WebsterFrank P. Primiano, Jr.Robert A. PeuraLawrence A. WheelerMelvin P. SiedbandMichael R. NeumanWalter H. Olson

Preface	p. v
List of Symbols	p. ix
1 Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation	p. 1
1.1 Terminology of Medicine and Medical Devices	p. 4
1.2 Generalized Medical Instrumentation System	p. 5
1.3 Alternative Operational Modes	p. 7
1.4 Medical Measurement Constraints	p. 9
1.5 Classifications of Biomedical Instruments	p. 12
1.6 Interfering and Modifying Inputs	p. 12
1.7 Compensation Techniques	p. 13
1.8 Biostatistics	p. 16
1.9 Generalized Static Characteristics	p. 19
1.10 Generalized Dynamic Characteristics	p. 25
1.11 Design Criteria	p. 35
1.12 Commercial Medical Instrumentation Development Process	p. 35
1.13 Regulation of Medical Devices	p. 38
Problems	p. 39
References	p. 42
2 Basic Sensors And Principles	p. 44
2.1 Displacement Measurements	p. 44
2.2 Resistive Sensors	p. 45
2.3 Bridge Circuits	p. 51
2.4 Inductive Sensors	p. 53
2.5 Capacitive Sensors	p. 55
2.6 Piezoelectric Sensors	p. 57
2.7 Temperature Measurements	p. 61
2.8 Thermocouples	p. 62
2.9 Thermistors	p. 64
2.10 Radiation Thermometry	p. 67
2.11 Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors	p. 72
2.12 Optical Measurements	p. 72
2.13 Radiation Sources	p. 73
2.14 Geometrical and Fiber Optics	p. 78
2.15 Optical Filters	p. 80
2.16 Radiation Sensors	p. 81
2.17 Optical Combinations	p. 84
Problems	p. 85
References	p. 87
3 Amplifiers and Signal Processing	p. 89
3.1 Ideal Op Amps	p. 89
3.2 Inverting Amplifiers	p. 91
3.3 Noninverting Amplifiers	p. 94
3.4 Differential Amplifiers	p. 95
3.5 Comparators	p. 98
3.6 Rectifiers	p. 100
3.7 Logarithmic Amplifiers	p. 101
3.8 Integrators	p. 102
3.9 Differentiators	p. 105
3.10 Active Filters	p. 106
3.11 Frequency Response	p. 108
3.12 Offset Voltage	p. 110
3.13 Bias Current	p. 111
3.14 Input and Output Resistance	p. 113
3.15 Phase-Sensitive Demodulators	p. 115
3.16 Microcomputers in Medical Instrumentation	p. 118
Problems	p. 118
References	p. 120
4 The Origin of Biopotentials	p. 121
4.1 Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells	p. 121
4.2 Volume Conductor Fields	p. 129
4.3 Functional Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System	p. 132
4.4 The Electroneurogram (ENG)	p. 134
4.5 The Electromyogram (EMG)	p. 138
4.6 The Electrocardiogram (ECG)	p. 139
4.7 The Electroretinogram (ERG)	p. 151
4.8 The Electroencephalogram (EEG)	p. 156
4.9 The Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)	p. 175
Problems	p. 176
References	p. 180
5 Biopotential Electrodes	p. 183
5.1 The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface	p. 183
5.2 Polarization	p. 186
5.3 Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Electrodes	p. 189
5.4 Electrode Behavior and Circuit Models	p. 194
5.5 The Electrode-Skin Interface and Motion Artifact	p. 196
5.6 Body-Surface Recording Electrodes	p. 200
5.7 Internal Electrodes	p. 206
5.8 Electrode Arrays	p. 211
5.9 Microelectrodes	p. 213
5.10 Electrodes for Electric Stimulation of Tissue	p. 222
5.11 Practical Hints in Using Electrodes	p. 225
Problems	p. 226
References	p. 230
6 Biopotential Amplifiers	p. 233
6.1 Basic Requirements	p. 233
6.2 The Electrocardiograph	p. 235
6.3 Problems Frequently Encountered	p. 245
6.4 Transient Protection	p. 253
6.5 Common-Mode and Other Interference-Reduction Circuits	p. 255
6.6 Amplifiers for Other Biopotential Signals	p. 258
6.7 Example of a Biopotential Preamplifier	p. 262
6.8 Other Biopotential Signal Processors	p. 264
6.9 Cardiac Monitors	p. 273
6.10 Biotelemetry	p. 277
Problems	p. 281
References	p. 285
7 Blood Pressure and Sound	p. 287
7.1 Direct Measurements	p. 289
7.2 Harmonic Analysis of Blood-Pressure Waveforms	p. 294
7.3 Dynamic Properties of Pressure-Measurement Systems	p. 295
7.4 Measurement of System Response	p. 302
7.5 Effects of System Parameters on Response	p. 303
7.6 Bandwidth Requirements for Measuring Blood Pressure	p. 305
7.7 Typical Pressure-Waveform Distortion	p. 305
7.8 Systems for Measuring Venous Pressure	p. 307
7.9 Heart Sounds	p. 308
7.10 Phonocardiography	p. 312
7.11 Cardiac Catheterization	p. 312
7.12 Effects of Potential and Kinetic Energy on Pressure Measurements	p. 316
7.13 Indirect Measurements of Blood Pressure	p. 317
7.14 Tonometry	p. 324
Problems	p. 328
References	p. 329
8 Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood	p. 332
8.1 Indicator-Dilution Method That Uses Continuous Infusion	p. 332
8.2 Indicator-Dilution Method That Uses Rapid Injection	p. 335
8.3 Electromagnetic Flowmeters	p. 338
8.4 Ultrasonic Flowmeters	p. 344
8.5 Thermal-Convection Velocity Sensors	p. 355
8.6 Chamber Plethysmography	p. 357
8.7 Electric-Impedance Plethysmography	p. 359
8.8 Photoplethysmography	p. 366
Problems	p. 368
References	p. 369
9 Measurements of the Respiratory System	p. 372
9.1 Modeling the Respiratory System	p. 373
9.2 Measurement of Pressure	p. 380
9.3 Measurement of Gas-Flow Rate	p. 382
9.4 Lung Volume	p. 390
9.5 Respiratory Plethysmography	p. 399
9.6 Some Tests of Respiratory Mechanics	p. 406
9.7 Measurement of Gas Concentration	p. 417
9.8 Some Tests of Gas Transport	p. 427
Problems	p. 434
References	p. 437
10 Chemical Biosensors	p. 440
10.1 Blood-Gas and Acid-Base Physiology	p. 442
10.2 Electrochemical Sensors	p. 444
10.3 Chemical Fibrosensors	p. 450
10.4 Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET)	p. 466
10.5 Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (IMFET)	p. 468
10.6 Noninvasive Blood-Gas Monitoring	p. 469
10.7 Blood-Glucose Sensors	p. 477
10.8 Summary	p. 482
Problems	p. 482
References	p. 483
11 Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation	p. 486
11.1 Spectrophotometry	p. 487
11.2 Automated Chemical Analyzers	p. 495
11.3 Chromatology	p. 502
11.4 Electrophoresis	p. 505
11.5 Hematology	p. 507
Problems	p. 515
References	p. 516
12 Medical Imaging Systems	p. 518
12.1 Information Content of an Image	p. 518
12.2 Modulation Transfer Function	p. 525
12.3 Noise-Equivalent Bandwidth	p. 527
12.4 Photography	p. 527
12.5 Television Systems	p. 530
12.6 Radiography	p. 532
12.7 Computed Radiography	p. 540
12.8 Computed Tomography	p. 543
12.9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging	p. 551
12.10 Nuclear Medicine	p. 555
12.11 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography	p. 561
12.12 Positron Emission Tomography	p. 562
12.13 Ultrasonography	p. 565
Problems	p. 573
References	p. 576
13 Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices	p. 577
13.1 Cardiac Pacemakers and Other Electric Stimulators	p. 577
13.2 Defibrillators and Cardioverters	p. 591
13.3 Mechanical Cardiovascular Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices	p. 597
13.4 Hemodialysis	p. 600
13.5 Lithotripsy	p. 602
13.6 Ventilators	p. 604
13.7 Infant Incubators	p. 607
13.8 Drug Delivery Devices	p. 609
13.9 Surgical Instruments	p. 613
13.10 Therapeutic Applications of the Laser	p. 617
Problems	p. 618
References	p. 620
14 Electrical Safety	p. 623
14.1 Physiological Effects of Electricity	p. 624
14.2 Important Susceptibility Parameters	p. 626
14.3 Distribution of Electric Power	p. 630
14.4 Macroshock Hazards	p. 634
14.5 Microshock Hazards	p. 636
14.6 Electrical-Safety Codes and Standards	p. 640
14.7 Basic Approaches to Protection Against Shock	p. 642
14.8 Protection: Power Distribution	p. 643
14.9 Protection: Equipment Design	p. 646
14.10 Electrical-Safety Analyzers	p. 649
14.11 Testing the Electric System	p. 650
14.12 Tests of Electric Appliances	p. 654
Problems	p. 656
References	p. 658
Appendix	p. 659
A.1 Physical Constants	p. 659
A.2 SI Prefixes	p. 659
A.3 SI Units	p. 660
Reference	p. 660
A.4 Abbreviations	p. 661
A.5 Chemical Elements	p. 664
Index	p. 667

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