Cover image for Metallographers guide : practice and procedures for irons and steels
Title:
Metallographers guide : practice and procedures for irons and steels
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Materials Park, OH : ASM Intl., 2002
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9780871707482
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30000010162777 TN690 B72 2002 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

This book provides a solid overview of the important metallurgical concepts related to the microstructures of irons and steels, and it provides detailed guidelines for the proper metallographic techniques used to reveal, capture, and understand microstructures. This book provides clearly written explanations of important concepts, and step-by-step instructions for equipment selection and use, microscopy techniques, specimen preparation, and etching. Dozens of concise and helpful 'metallographic tips' are included in the chapters on laboratory practices and specimen preparation. The book features over 500 representative microstructures, with discussions of how the structures can be altered by heat treatment and other means. A handy index to these images is provided, so the book can also be used as an atlas of iron and steel microstructures. Contents include: Introduction to steels and cast irons; Origin of microstructure; Alteration of microstructure; The metallographer and the metallographic laboratory; The metallurgical microscope; The expanded metallographic laboratory; Metallographic specimen preparation; The art of revealing microstructure; Appendices; Index.


Table of Contents

Prefacep. vi
Acknowledgmentsp. vii
Atlas of Microstructuresp. viii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Steels and Cast Ironsp. 1
Steelsp. 1
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steelsp. 2
High-Alloy Steelsp. 9
Cast Ironsp. 16
Chapter 2 Origin of Microstructurep. 23
Microstructural Development Resulting from Heat Treatmentp. 24
The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagramp. 24
Kinetics of Phase Transformationsp. 28
The Microstructural Constituents in Steelp. 31
Microstructural Development Resulting from Solidificationp. 41
Phase Transformations in Cast Ironsp. 42
Transformations in a 3% C Cast Ironp. 43
General Description of Microstructures in Cast Ironsp. 44
Commercial Cast Ironsp. 46
Chapter 3 Alteration of Microstructurep. 49
The Intentional Alteration of Microstructure in Steels and Cast Ironsp. 49
The Unintentional Alteration of Microstructure in Steels and Cast Ironsp. 66
Chapter 4 The Metallographer and the Metallographic Laboratoryp. 87
The Metallographerp. 87
The Metallographer versus the Chemistp. 89
The Metallographer's Workdayp. 92
The Metallographic Laboratoryp. 103
Safety in the Metallographic Laboratoryp. 106
Chapter 5 The Metallurgical Microscopep. 109
The Microscopep. 109
The Objectivep. 112
The Nosepiecep. 116
Optical Defects in Objectivesp. 118
Types of Objectivesp. 120
Types of Eyepiecesp. 123
The Illumination Systemp. 126
The Components of the Illumination Systemp. 126
Types of Illuminationp. 131
Accessories for the Microscopep. 137
The Metallographp. 139
Special Procedures for the Metallurgical Microscopep. 140
Chapter 6 The Expanded Metallographic Laboratoryp. 149
The Image Analyzerp. 149
The Electron Microscopep. 152
The X-Ray Diffractometerp. 162
The Hot Stage Microscopep. 164
The Microhardness Testerp. 165
The Hot Microhardness Testerp. 166
Other Specialized Techniquesp. 167
Chapter 7 Metallographic Specimen Preparationp. 169
Information Gatheringp. 169
Sectioningp. 170
Mountingp. 183
Grindingp. 198
Polishingp. 202
Specimen Storagep. 211
Chapter 8 The Art of Revealing Microstructurep. 215
Etching Responsep. 215
Revealing Microstructure in an As-Polished Specimenp. 217
Revealing Microstructure by Etchingp. 219
The Basic Etchants for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels and Cast Ironsp. 221
The Attack Etchantsp. 222
Picralp. 227
Variations of Picralp. 228
4% Picral and 2% Nitalp. 233
Basic Tint Etchants for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels and Cast Ironsp. 233
General Procedure in Using Tint Etchantsp. 234
The Common Tint Etchantsp. 234
The Basic Etchants for Stainless Steelsp. 236
Attack Etchants for Stainless Steelsp. 237
Electrolytic Etchants for Stainless Steelsp. 239
The Basic Etchants for Coated Steelsp. 241
Special Etching Proceduresp. 241
The Use of the Microscope to Enhance Microstructural Featuresp. 242
Chapter 9 Glossaryp. 245
Appendix Tables Helpful to the Metallographerp. 297
List of ASTM standards that pertain to ferrous metallographyp. 297
List of vendors for metallographic suppliesp. 298
List of light optical microscope manufacturersp. 298
Microscope reticle manufacturerp. 298
Scientific imaging productsp. 299
Used and/or reconditioned equipmentp. 299
Conversion of average grain intercept length (microns) to ASTM numberp. 300
Chemical polishing solutionsp. 300
Electroless and electrolytic coatings for edge protectionp. 301
Etchants for revealing macrostructures in iron and steelp. 302
Etchants for carbon and alloy steelsp. 303
Carbon steel compositionsp. 307
Free-machining (resulfurized) carbon steel compositionsp. 307
Free-machining (rephosphorized and resulfurized) carbon steel compositionsp. 307
High-manganese carbon steel compositionsp. 307
High-manganese carbon steel compositionsp. 307
Alloy steel compositions applicable to billets, blooms, slabs, and hot-rolled and cold-finished barsp. 308
Chemical compositions for typical low-alloy steelsp. 309
ASTM specifications for chromium-molybdenum steel product formsp. 310
Nominal chemical compositions for heat-resistant chromium-molybedenum steelsp. 310
Compositions of standard stainless steelsp. 311
Compositions of nonstandard stainless steelsp. 312
Nominal compositions of wrought iron-base heat-resistant alloysp. 314
Composition limits of principal types of tool steelsp. 315
Standard composition ranges for austenitic manganese steel castingsp. 316
Typical compositions for malleable ironp. 316
Nominal compositions of commercial maraging steelsp. 316
Typical base compositions of SAE J431 automotive gray cast irons for heavy-duty servicep. 316
Chemical compositions and mechanical properties of austenitic manganese steels for nonmagnetic and cryogenic applicationsp. 317
Composition of selected cast ironsp. 317
Temperature Conversionsp. 318
Indexp. 321