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Summary
Summary
Deep space communications technology is bringing home benefits to all types of microwave communications systems. This groundbreaking resource explains the breakthroughs that the NASA JPL Deep Space Antenna Network achieved in reducing noise and signal interference. The book focuses on ground-based receivers and how they can be improved to pick up weak or disrupted signals. Practicing microwave engineers in all fields can apply these theories and methods to improve systems performance. In particular, engineers working on deep-space antenna systems can make the most of the techniques for analyzing errors caused by noise temperature. The book explains how to confidently predict receiver noise temperature thereby boosting the capability to receive data. Tutorials, practical formulas, and powerful techniques earn this book a permanent place on every microwave and antenna engineer's desk.
Author Notes
Tom Y. Otoshi is an independent consultant with more than 40 years of experience working at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he specialized in microwave antenna systems
Table of Contents
Foreword | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
Chapter 1 Introductory Topics | p. 1 |
1.1 Antenna Noise Temperature as Functions of Pointing Angles | p. 1 |
1.1.1 Zenith Formula | p. 1 |
1.1.2 Sky Brightness Temperature | p. 6 |
1.1.3 Ground Brightness Temperature | p. 11 |
1.1.4 Formula for Nonzenith Pointing Angles | p. 17 |
1.1.5 Tipping Curve Applications | p. 22 |
1.2 Cosmic Background Noise Temperature | p. 37 |
1.2.1 Introduction | p. 37 |
1.2.2 Calibration Equation | p. 37 |
1.2.3 Experimental Results | p. 39 |
1.2.4 Commentary | p. 39 |
1.3 Portable Microwave Test Packages | p. 40 |
1.3.1 Introduction | p. 40 |
1.3.2 Test-Package Descriptions | p. 41 |
1.3.3 Test Configurations and Test Procedure | p. 42 |
1.3.4 Noise-Temperature Measurement Method | p. 44 |
1.3.5 Noise-Temperature Measurement Results | p. 47 |
1.3.6 Concluding Remarks | p. 50 |
1.4 Dichroic Plate in a Beam-Waveguide Antenna System | p. 50 |
1.4.1 Introduction | p. 50 |
1.4.2 Background | p. 51 |
1.4.3 Analytical Method | p. 54 |
1.4.4 Experimental Work | p. 62 |
1.4.5 Conclusions | p. 66 |
References | p. 66 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 69 |
Chapter 2 Reflector Surfaces | p. 71 |
2.1 Perforated Panels | p. 71 |
2.1.1 Introduction | p. 71 |
2.1.2 Old Calculation Method | p. 73 |
2.1.3 New Calculation Method | p. 74 |
2.1.4 Perforated-Plate and Perforated-Panel Geometries | p. 80 |
2.1.5 Results | p. 82 |
2.1.6 Concluding Remarks | p. 86 |
2.2 Solid Panels | p. 88 |
2.2.1 Basic Noise Temperature Relationships | p. 88 |
2.2.2 Dependence on Polarization and Incidence Angle | p. 93 |
2.2.3 Electrical Conductivity of Various Metals | p. 99 |
2.3 Painted Panels | p. 108 |
2.3.1 Background on Paint Study | p. 108 |
2.3.2 Background on DSN Antennas | p. 108 |
2.3.3 Excess Noise Temperature and Added Gain Loss | p. 110 |
2.3.4 Results and Performance Characterizations | p. 113 |
2.3.5 Conclusions | p. 130 |
2.4 Wet Panels | p. 131 |
2.4.1 Theoretical Studies | p. 131 |
2.4.2 Experimental Studies | p. 132 |
References | p. 134 |
Chapter 3 Noise Temperature Experiments | p. 137 |
3.1 Horns of Different Gains at f1 | p. 137 |
3.1.1 Introduction | p. 137 |
3.1.2 Analytical Procedure and Results | p. 137 |
3.1.3 Experimental Work | p. 144 |
3.1.4 Determination of Strut Contribution | p. 147 |
3.1.5 Conclusions | p. 151 |
3.2 Bird Net Cover for BWG Antennas | p. 152 |
3.2.1 Introduction | p. 152 |
3.2.2 Description of the Net Cover | p. 152 |
3.2.3 Test Results | p. 153 |
3.2.4 Concluding Remarks | p. 155 |
3.3 G/T Improvement Task | p. 156 |
3.3.1 Introduction | p. 156 |
3.3.2 Test Configurations and Test Results | p. 157 |
3.3.3 Summary and Recommendations | p. 171 |
3.4 Measured Sun Noise Temperature at 32 GHz | p. 172 |
3.4.1 Introduction | p. 172 |
3.4.2 Gain Reduction Methods | p. 173 |
3.4.3 Measurement and Data Reduction Method | p. 177 |
3.4.4 Experimental Results | p. 180 |
3.4.5 Concluding Remarks | p. 185 |
References | p. 186 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 187 |
Chapter 4 Mismatch Error Analyses | p. 189 |
4.1 Antenna System Noise Temperature Calibration Mismatch Errors | p. 189 |
4.1.1 Introduction | p. 189 |
4.1.2 Review | p. 190 |
4.1.3 Antenna System Noise Temperature Measurements | p. 196 |
4.1.4 Antenna Efficiency Measurements | p. 205 |
4.1.5 Applications | p. 210 |
4.1.6 Concluding Remarks | p. 221 |
4.2 Equivalent Source Noise Temperature at Output of Cascaded Lossy Networks | p. 222 |
4.2.1 Matched Case | p. 222 |
4.2.2 Mismatched Case | p. 224 |
4.3 Effective Input Noise Temperature at Input of Cascaded Lossy Networks | p. 229 |
4.3.1 Matched Case | p. 229 |
4.3.2 General Mismatched Case | p. 231 |
References | p. 233 |
Chapter 5 Network Analysis Topics | p. 235 |
5.1 Two-Port Network Containing Two Internal Paths | p. 235 |
5.1.1 Introduction and Background | p. 235 |
5.1.2 Dissipative Power Ratios of Four-, Three-, and Two-Port Networks | p. 235 |
5.1.3 Power Flow (PF) Method | p. 239 |
5.1.4 Voltage Wave (VW) Method | p. 242 |
5.1.5 Sample Cases | p. 246 |
5.1.6 Example of the Effects of a Mismatched Component in Path 1 | p. 249 |
5.1.7 Conclusions | p. 252 |
5.2 Three-Port Network with Two External Noise Sources | p. 252 |
5.2.1 Introduction | p. 252 |
5.2.2 Properties of an Ideal Four-Port Coupler | p. 253 |
5.2.3 Two External Noise Source Outputs Travel Common Paths | p. 254 |
5.2.4 Two External Noise Source Outputs Travel Individual Paths | p. 262 |
5.2.5 Conclusions | p. 265 |
References | p. 266 |
Chapter 6 Useful Formulas for Noise Temperature Applications | p. 269 |
6.1 Formulas Associated with Solid Metal Reflectors | p. 269 |
6.1.1 Conductivity of Metals | p. 269 |
6.1.2 Noise Temperature of a Solid Metallic Sheet | p. 270 |
6.2 Formulas Associated with Metal Reflectors with Holes | p. 271 |
6.2.1 Perforated Plates with Round Holes | p. 271 |
6.2.2 Wire Grids | p. 274 |
6.3 Other Useful Formulas | p. 276 |
6.3.1 Relationship of Insertion Loss to Noise Temperature | p. 276 |
6.3.2 Relationship of Return Loss to Reflection Coefficient and VSWR | p. 278 |
References | p. 279 |
About the Author | p. 281 |
Index | p. 283 |