Ultrawideband antennas for microwave imaging systems

" This book presents ultrawideband antennas and their applications on microwave imaging. The chapters focus on recent techniques, analysis, and applications along with the future vision of this emerging field of applied electromagnetics. Several emerging topics are essayed, including dielectric resonator antennas and planar ultrawideband antennas for microwave imaging. This resource incorporates modern design concepts, analysis, and optimization techniques based on recent developments. Readers are also provided with an extensive overview of current regulations, including those related to microwave effects in biological tissues."

Author Notes

Tayeb A. Denidni is a professor at the National Institute of Scientific Research (INRS), Canada. He earned his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from University of Laval.
Gijo Augustin is an antenna researcher at the National Institute of Scientific Research (INRS), Canada. He earned his Ph.D. in microwave engineering from Cochin University of Science and Technology.

1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Brief History of Microwaves	p. 1
1.2 Overview of Fields and Waves	p. 4
1.2.1 Fields	p. 4
1.2.2 What Are Waves?	p. 5
1.2.3 Fundamental Equations	p. 6
1.3 Antenna Basics	p. 8
1.3.1 The First Antenna	p. 9
1.3.2 Antenna Characteristics	p. 9
1.4 New Trends in Microwave Imaging	p. 14
1.5 Outline of the Book	p. 14
References	p. 15
2 Microwave Imaging Systems	p. 17
2.1 The Art of Microwave Imaging	p. 17
2.1.1 Types of Reconstruction	p. 20
2.2 History and Recent Trends	p. 21
2.3 Interaction of Microwaves with Biological Tissues	p. 25
2.3.1 Dielectric Characteristics	p. 25
2.3.2 Ionization Effects	p. 26
2.3.3 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)	p. 26
2.3.4 Thermal Effects	p. 27
2.4 System Performance Parameters	p. 28
2.4.1 Resolution	p. 28
2.4.2 Penetration Depth	p. 28
2.4.3 Dynamic Range	p. 28
2.4.4 Contrast Ratio	p. 28
2.4.5 Numerical Model Accuracy	p. 29
2.5 General Applications	p. 29
2.5.1 Material Characterization	p. 30
2.5.2 Tomography	p. 30
2.6 Summary	p. 30
References	p. 31
3 Ultrawideband Technology	p. 33
3.1 Introduction	p. 33
3.2 History of UWB Technology	p. 36
3.3 Importance of UWB Signals and Systems	p. 38
3.3.1 Pulse Waveform for UWB Transmission	p. 39
3.3.2 Meats of UWB Systems	p. 39
3.4 Spectrum Regulations	p. 42
3.5 The Key Role of UWB Antennas	p. 42
3.6 Classical Antennas for UWB Systems	p. 45
3.7 UWB System Outlook	p. 46
References	p. 47
4 Planar Ultrawideband Antennas for Imaging Systems	p. 55
4.1 Overview	p. 55
4.2 A Historical Review	p. 56
4.2.1 The Period Before the FCC Released the UWB Spectrum (1979-2002)	p. 57
4.2.2 The Planar UWB Antennas After the FCC Regulation	p. 59
4.3 State-of-the-Art Designs for Microwave Imaging	p. 66
4.3.1 Dipole-/Monopole-Based Designs	p. 66
4.3.2 State-of-the-Art Designs in Slot-Excited UWB Antennas	p. 78
4.4 Industrial Applications	p. 83
4.5 Design Examples	p. 85
4.5.1 Electronically Reconfigurable Uniplanar Antenna	p. 85
4.5.2 Uniplanar Polarization Diversity Antenna for UWB Systems	p. 93
4.6 Summary	p. 104
References	p. 107
5 Dielectric Resonator Antennas for Microwave imaging	p. 115
5.1 Overview	p. 115
5.2 A Historical Review	p. 116
5.2.1 Wideband Conventional DRA Designs	p. 117
5.3 Major Design Challenges	p. 119
5.3.1 Miniaturization	p. 119
5.3.2 Bandwidth Enhancement	p. 122
5.4 Key Features of Dielectric Resonator Antennas	p. 123
5.5 Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques	p. 125
5.5.1 Reduce the Inherent High Q-Factor of the Dielectric Resonator	p. 125
5.5.2 Employing Multiple Resonators	p. 126
5.5.3 Hybrid Antenna Designs	p. 129
5.5.4 Adapting Special Feeding Structures	p. 130
5.6 State-of-the-Art Designs for Microwave Imaging	p. 132
5.6.1 Wideband Antennas Based on Conical DRA	p. 132
5.6.2 Stair-Shaped DRA for Wideband Applications [94]	p. 133
5.6.3 A Compact Hybrid Antenna for Wideband Applications	p. 133
5.6.4 A Monopole-DRA UWB Antenna	p. 135
5.7 Industrial Applications	p. 136
5.7.1 Radar Systems	p. 136
5.7.2 Microwave Medical Imaging	p. 136
5.7.3 Determination of Direction of Arrival	p. 136
5.7.4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Ground Station Communication	p. 137
5.8 Advanced Fabrication and Characterization Techniques	p. 137
5.8.1 Dielectric Resonator Materials	p. 137
5.8.2 Tools for DRA Prototyping	p. 138
5.9 Design Examples	p. 138
5.9.1 Wideband L-Shaped Dielectric Resonator Antenna	p. 138
5.9.2 A Monopole-DR Hybrid Antenna for UWB Applications	p. 146
5.10 Summary	p. 150
References	p. 151
6 Ultrawideband Antenna Characterization Techniques	p. 159
6.1 Introduction	p. 159
6.2 Classical Methods and Recent Trends	p. 160
6.2.1 Characterization in Frequency Domain	p. 160
6.2.2 Time-Domain Characteristics	p. 167
6.3 Advanced Tools and Instruments	p. 173
6.3.1 Software Solutions	p. 173
6.3.2 Instruments for UWB Antenna Characterization	p. 175
6.4 Measurement Procedures and Guidelines	p. 177
6.4.1 In Frequency Domain	p. 177
6.4.2 In Time Domain	p. 178
6.5 Summary	p. 179
References	p. 179
7 Regulations: Microwave imaging	p. 181
7.1 Introduction	p. 181
7.2 Review on Microwave Effects in Biological Tissue	p. 182
7.2.1 Thermal Effects	p. 182
7.2.2 Nonthermal Effects	p. 183
7.3 International Regulations	p. 185
7.4 Modern Microwave Imaging Systems	p. 186
7.4.1 Biomedical Imaging Systems	p. 186
7.4.2 Ground Penetrating Radar Systems	p. 188
7.5 Summary	p. 189
References	p. 189
About the Authors	p. 195
Index	p. 197

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