Adaptive phased array thermotherapy for cancer

Adaptive microwave phased array antennas are well known for their ability to improve the performance of communications and radar systems. and now, adaptive phased array techniques are beginning to be successfully applied to RF and microwave thermotherapy treatment of cancerous tumors. This groundbreaking book details innovative phased array techniques currently being developed at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory for cancer treatment. Until now, this material has only been available in Lincoln Laboratory reports and peer-reviewed journals. From electromagnetic field theory for tissue heating... to simulations of adaptive phased array thermotherapy for deep tumors of the torso... to coverage of arrays for tumors in the head, neck, breast, and chest wall, this timely resource offers you expert guidance in this emerging area. You also find an insightful look at future research topics for adaptive phased array thermotherapy.

Preface	p. xi
1 Adaptive Phased Array Thermotherapy Technique	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Background for Cancer Treatment	p. 8
1.3 Background for Thermotherapy Treatment of Cancer	p. 9
1.4 Background for Delivering Thermotherapy to Deep Cancers	p. 13
1.5 Adaptive Phased Array Thermotherapy Concept	p. 18
1.6 Summary	p. 22
References	p. 24
2 Adaptive Phased Array Algorithms for Thermotherapy	p. 37
2.1 Introduction	p. 37
2.2 Sample Matrix Inversion Algorithm	p. 37
2.3 Gradient-Search Algorithm	p. 45
2.4 Summary	p. 51
2.5 Problem Set	p. 53
References	p. 53
3 Electromagnetic Field Theory for Tissue Heating	p. 57
3.1 Introduction	p. 57
3.2 Wave Propagation in Conducting Media	p. 60
3.2.1 Maxwell's Electromagnetic Field Equations	p. 60
3.2.2 Vector Wave Equation	p. 64
3.2.3 Electromagnetic Energy Flow	p. 65
3.2.4 RF and Microwave Properties of Tissue	p. 69
3.2.5 Ray-Tracing Analysis Technique	p. 71
3.3 Method of Moments Formulation	p. 74
3.4 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method	p. 79
3.5 Summary	p. 82
3.6 Problem Set	p. 82
References	p. 87
4 Thermal Modeling Theory for Tissue Heating	p. 91
4.1 Introduction	p. 91
4.2 Thermal Properties of Tissue	p. 91
4.3 Bioheat Equation	p. 92
4.4 Summary	p. 98
References	p. 99
5 Adaptive Array Simulations for the Torso	p. 101
5.1 Introduction	p. 101
5.2 Simulation Model	p. 102
5.3 Simulated Results	p. 105
5.4 Summary	p. 110
References	p. 111
6 Phantom Studies for Deep Tumors in the Torso	p. 115
6.1 Introduction	p. 115
6.2 Methods and Materials	p. 117
6.2.1 Hyperthermia Phased Array Equipment Description	p. 117
6.2.2 Saline-Filled Cylindrical Phantom Description	p. 119
6.2.3 Heterogeneous Beef Phantom Description	p. 120
6.2.4 Light-Emitting Diode Saline-Filled Elliptical Phantom Description	p. 120
6.3 Measured Results	p. 124
6.3.1 Saline-Filled Cylindrical Phantom: Two Adaptive Nulls	p. 125
6.3.2 Saline-Filled Cylindrical Phantom: Adaptive Focus	p. 127
6.3.3 One Adaptive Null for Heterogeneous Beef Phantom	p. 129
6.3.4 Three Anterior Adaptive Nulls for LED Saline-Filled Elliptical Phantom	p. 129
6.3.5 Three Lateral Adaptive Nulls for LED Saline-Filled Elliptical Phantom	p. 133
6.4 Summary	p. 136
References	p. 137
7 Monopole Phased Array for Deep Cancer	p. 141
7.1 Introduction	p. 141
7.2 Methods and Materials	p. 142
7.3 Simulation Results	p. 147
7.4 Summary	p. 151
References	p. 153
8 Adaptive Array for Breast Cancer: Preclinical Results	p. 159
8.1 Introduction	p. 159
8.2 Surgical Considerations for Breast Cancer	p. 160
8.3 Microwave Thermotherapy Considerations for Breast Cancer	p. 162
8.4 Adaptive Phased Array Thermotherapy System Concept for Breast Cancer	p. 165
8.5 Adaptive Phased Array Algorithm for Focused Microwave Thermotherapy	p. 168
8.6 Calculated Specific Absorption Rate for Breast Phantom	p. 170
8.7 Clinical Adaptive Phased Array Thermotherapy System for Breast Cancer	p. 173
8.8 Calculated Specific Absorption Rate Distribution for Breast Phantom with and without Tumors	p. 176
8.9 Measured Specific Absorption Rate Distribution for Breast Phantom with Variable-Size Tumors	p. 179
8.10 Measurements of Thermal Distribution in Animals	p. 183
8.11 Summary	p. 187
References	p. 188
9 Adative Array for Breast Cancer: Clinical Results	p. 195
9.1 Introduction	p. 195
9.2 Patients and Methods	p. 198
9.3 Results	p. 200
9.4 Discussion	p. 206
9.5 Summary	p. 208
References	p. 209
10 Future Studies of Adaptive Phased Arrays for Cancer	p. 215
References	p. 217
About the Author	p. 221
Index	p. 223

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