Cover image for Microwave radiometer systems : design and analysis
Title:
Microwave radiometer systems : design and analysis
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Publication Information:
London : Artech House, 1989
ISBN:
9780890063187

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30000000714687 TK7876.S568 1989 Open Access Book Book
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30000000460869 TK7876.S568 1989 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

"Covers a wide range of topics. Should be both interesting and challenging to the novice. ...a handy guide for those in the field". -- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society


Table of Contents

Prefacep. xi
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Radarp. 1
1.1 Introductionp. 1
1.2 The Sensorp. 4
1.2.1 Noncoherent Pulse Radarp. 4
1.2.2 Pulsed Doppler Radarp. 8
1.2.3 Display of the Datap. 14
1.2.4 Sensitivity of the Receiverp. 16
1.2.5 Antennap. 20
1.2.6 Resolutionp. 33
1.2.7 Refractionp. 35
1.2.8 Attenuationp. 41
1.3 The Radar Equation: General Formsp. 41
1.3.1 Single Scattererp. 41
1.3.2 Distributed Targetp. 43
1.4 Calibration and Setting Upp. 46
1.5 Meteorological Signalsp. 48
1.5.1 Meteorological Targetsp. 48
1.5.2 Signal Statisticsp. 51
1.5.3 Decorrelation Time: Independent Samplesp. 53
1.5.4 Sample Time Averaging: Reducing the Variance of the Meanp. 56
1.5.5 Reducing the Integration Timep. 58
1.5.6 Detecting Weak Signalsp. 61
1.5.7 Sampling and Demultiplexingp. 66
Chapter 2 Hydrological Measurementsp. 69
2.1 Introductionp. 69
2.2 Clouds and Precipitationp. 70
2.2.1 Physical Processes of Formationp. 70
2.2.2 Hydrometeor Size Distributions: General Formsp. 70
2.2.3 Integral Parametersp. 74
2.2.4 Cloudsp. 77
2.2.5 Precipitationp. 78
2.2.6 Terminal Fall Velocity of Hydrometeorsp. 81
2.2.7 The Shape of Hydrometeorsp. 85
2.3 Scattering and Attenuation Cross Sectionsp. 88
2.3.1 Homogeneous Spherical Particlesp. 88
2.3.2 Nonhomogeneous Particlesp. 97
2.3.3 Nonspherical Particlesp. 99
2.4 Atmospheric Attenuationp. 102
2.4.1 Attenuation by Gasesp. 103
2.4.2 Attenuation by Cloudsp. 103
2.4.3 Attenuation by Precipitationp. 105
2.5 Backscattering by Clouds and Precipitationp. 111
2.5.1 Radar Reflectivity Factorp. 111
2.5.2 Z and X Relationsp. 114
2.5.3 Polarization Measurementsp. 123
2.5.4 Hail Precipitation Detectionp. 134
2.5.5 Lightning Detectionp. 141
2.5.6 Artifactsp. 145
2.5.7 Particular Meteorological Forms of the Radar Equationp. 145
2.6 Precipitation Measurementsp. 150
2.6.1 Introductionp. 150
2.6.2 Single-Wavelength Reflectivityp. 152
2.6.3 Radar and Rain Gaugep. 153
2.6.4 Single-Wavelength Attenuation Measurementsp. 157
2.6.5 Dual-Wavelength a-R Methodp. 159
2.6.6 Dual-Wavelength N(D) Methodp. 160
2.6.7 Dual Polarizationp. 161
2.6.8 Area Integral Methods for Convective Rainfallp. 164
2.7 Radar Networksp. 167
2.8 Short-Term Forecastingp. 169
2.9 Radars and Satellitesp. 170
2.9.1 Technical Aspectsp. 171
2.9.2 Estimation of Precipitation with Visible and Infrared Datap. 172
2.9.3 Rain Estimation by Passive Microwave Methodsp. 173
2.9.4 Orbital Radarsp. 177
Chapter 3 Velocity Measurementsp. 181
3.1 The Doppler Spectrump. 182
3.1.1 Spectral Parametersp. 182
3.1.2 Discrete-Fourier Transformp. 185
3.1.3 Estimators of Spectral Momentsp. 191
3.1.4 Factors Affecting the Width of the Doppler Spectrump. 200
3.1.5 Ground Clutter Suppressionp. 204
3.2 Doppler Spectra at Vertical Incidencep. 205
3.2.1 Size Distribution of Precipitationp. 206
3.2.2 Vertical Air Velocityp. 207
3.3 Measurement of the Velocity Fields with a Single Doppler Radarp. 210
3.3.1 Analysis of the Mean Field by the VAD Methodp. 210
3.3.2 The VVP Methodp. 215
3.3.3 Display of the Radial Velocityp. 217
3.4 Measurement of Turbulencep. 220
3.4.1 The Inertial Domainp. 221
3.4.2 Measurement of Rate of Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energyp. 222
3.4.3 The Turbulence Fieldp. 223
3.5 Measurement of the Velocity Fields with Several Doppler Radarsp. 226
3.6 Retrieval of the Thermodynamic and Microphysical Fieldsp. 228
3.7 Airborne Radarp. 230
Chapter 4 Observation of Clear Airp. 233
4.1 Introductionp. 233
4.2 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by a Turbulent Mediump. 234
4.2.1 General Relationsp. 234
4.2.2 Reflectivity in the Inertial Domainp. 236
4.2.3 Relationship Between Radar Reflectivity and the Average Atmospheric Fieldp. 238
4.3 ST Radarp. 240
4.3.1 Influence of the Wavelengthp. 240
4.3.2 Wind Measurementsp. 243
4.3.3 Reflectivityp. 245
4.3.4 Networks of ST Radarp. 247
4.4 Rassp. 249
4.5 Insectsp. 252
4.5.1 General Characteristicsp. 252
4.5.2 Insects and Birdsp. 255
4.5.3 Observationsp. 256
4.6 Artificial Tracersp. 256
4.6.1 General Propertiesp. 256
4.6.2 Applications to Atmospheric Observationp. 257
Chapter 5 Introduction to the Study of Some Meteorological Structures by Radarp. 261
5.1 Introductionp. 261
5.1.1 Diversity of Meteorological Structuresp. 261
5.1.2 Movements of the Atmospherep. 261
5.1.3 The Area of Radar Applicationp. 265
5.2 Convection in the Planetary Boundary Layerp. 266
5.2.1 The Convective Boundary Layerp. 266
5.2.2 Observation of the Convective Fieldp. 267
5.2.3 The Aerobiological Fieldp. 270
5.2.4 Pollution and Plumesp. 271
5.3 Deep Convection and Thunderstormsp. 273
5.3.1 The Convective Cellsp. 275
5.3.2 Convective Storm Structurep. 278
5.3.3 Squall Linesp. 284
5.3.4 Microburstsp. 285
5.3.5 Hailp. 288
5.3.6 Electrical Activity of Stormsp. 289
5.4 Tornadoes and Vortexesp. 290
5.4.1 General Characteristicsp. 290
5.4.2 Identification of Vortexes by Radarp. 291
5.4.3 Application to Warning Systemsp. 297
5.5 Extratropical Cyclone Disturbances and Stratiform Cloudsp. 298
5.5.1 Structure of Extratropical Cyclone Disturbancesp. 298
5.5.2 Stratiform Precipitationp. 303
5.6 Tropical Cyclonesp. 312
5.7 Turbulent Stratifications and Shear Instabilityp. 314
5.8 Experimental Modification of Clouds and Precipitationp. 318
Appendix 1 Bibliographical Notep. 321
Appendix 2 Units and Symbolsp. 323
Appendix 3 List of Constantsp. 327
Appendix 4 Definitions and Various Numerical Valuesp. 329
Referencesp. 339
Indexp. 363