Title:
Microwave radiometer systems : design and analysis
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
London : Artech House, 1989
ISBN:
9780890063187
Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000000714687 | TK7876.S568 1989 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
Searching... | 30000000460869 | TK7876.S568 1989 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
On Order
Summary
Summary
"Covers a wide range of topics. Should be both interesting and challenging to the novice. ...a handy guide for those in the field". -- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Radar | p. 1 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.2 The Sensor | p. 4 |
1.2.1 Noncoherent Pulse Radar | p. 4 |
1.2.2 Pulsed Doppler Radar | p. 8 |
1.2.3 Display of the Data | p. 14 |
1.2.4 Sensitivity of the Receiver | p. 16 |
1.2.5 Antenna | p. 20 |
1.2.6 Resolution | p. 33 |
1.2.7 Refraction | p. 35 |
1.2.8 Attenuation | p. 41 |
1.3 The Radar Equation: General Forms | p. 41 |
1.3.1 Single Scatterer | p. 41 |
1.3.2 Distributed Target | p. 43 |
1.4 Calibration and Setting Up | p. 46 |
1.5 Meteorological Signals | p. 48 |
1.5.1 Meteorological Targets | p. 48 |
1.5.2 Signal Statistics | p. 51 |
1.5.3 Decorrelation Time: Independent Samples | p. 53 |
1.5.4 Sample Time Averaging: Reducing the Variance of the Mean | p. 56 |
1.5.5 Reducing the Integration Time | p. 58 |
1.5.6 Detecting Weak Signals | p. 61 |
1.5.7 Sampling and Demultiplexing | p. 66 |
Chapter 2 Hydrological Measurements | p. 69 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 69 |
2.2 Clouds and Precipitation | p. 70 |
2.2.1 Physical Processes of Formation | p. 70 |
2.2.2 Hydrometeor Size Distributions: General Forms | p. 70 |
2.2.3 Integral Parameters | p. 74 |
2.2.4 Clouds | p. 77 |
2.2.5 Precipitation | p. 78 |
2.2.6 Terminal Fall Velocity of Hydrometeors | p. 81 |
2.2.7 The Shape of Hydrometeors | p. 85 |
2.3 Scattering and Attenuation Cross Sections | p. 88 |
2.3.1 Homogeneous Spherical Particles | p. 88 |
2.3.2 Nonhomogeneous Particles | p. 97 |
2.3.3 Nonspherical Particles | p. 99 |
2.4 Atmospheric Attenuation | p. 102 |
2.4.1 Attenuation by Gases | p. 103 |
2.4.2 Attenuation by Clouds | p. 103 |
2.4.3 Attenuation by Precipitation | p. 105 |
2.5 Backscattering by Clouds and Precipitation | p. 111 |
2.5.1 Radar Reflectivity Factor | p. 111 |
2.5.2 Z and X Relations | p. 114 |
2.5.3 Polarization Measurements | p. 123 |
2.5.4 Hail Precipitation Detection | p. 134 |
2.5.5 Lightning Detection | p. 141 |
2.5.6 Artifacts | p. 145 |
2.5.7 Particular Meteorological Forms of the Radar Equation | p. 145 |
2.6 Precipitation Measurements | p. 150 |
2.6.1 Introduction | p. 150 |
2.6.2 Single-Wavelength Reflectivity | p. 152 |
2.6.3 Radar and Rain Gauge | p. 153 |
2.6.4 Single-Wavelength Attenuation Measurements | p. 157 |
2.6.5 Dual-Wavelength a-R Method | p. 159 |
2.6.6 Dual-Wavelength N(D) Method | p. 160 |
2.6.7 Dual Polarization | p. 161 |
2.6.8 Area Integral Methods for Convective Rainfall | p. 164 |
2.7 Radar Networks | p. 167 |
2.8 Short-Term Forecasting | p. 169 |
2.9 Radars and Satellites | p. 170 |
2.9.1 Technical Aspects | p. 171 |
2.9.2 Estimation of Precipitation with Visible and Infrared Data | p. 172 |
2.9.3 Rain Estimation by Passive Microwave Methods | p. 173 |
2.9.4 Orbital Radars | p. 177 |
Chapter 3 Velocity Measurements | p. 181 |
3.1 The Doppler Spectrum | p. 182 |
3.1.1 Spectral Parameters | p. 182 |
3.1.2 Discrete-Fourier Transform | p. 185 |
3.1.3 Estimators of Spectral Moments | p. 191 |
3.1.4 Factors Affecting the Width of the Doppler Spectrum | p. 200 |
3.1.5 Ground Clutter Suppression | p. 204 |
3.2 Doppler Spectra at Vertical Incidence | p. 205 |
3.2.1 Size Distribution of Precipitation | p. 206 |
3.2.2 Vertical Air Velocity | p. 207 |
3.3 Measurement of the Velocity Fields with a Single Doppler Radar | p. 210 |
3.3.1 Analysis of the Mean Field by the VAD Method | p. 210 |
3.3.2 The VVP Method | p. 215 |
3.3.3 Display of the Radial Velocity | p. 217 |
3.4 Measurement of Turbulence | p. 220 |
3.4.1 The Inertial Domain | p. 221 |
3.4.2 Measurement of Rate of Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy | p. 222 |
3.4.3 The Turbulence Field | p. 223 |
3.5 Measurement of the Velocity Fields with Several Doppler Radars | p. 226 |
3.6 Retrieval of the Thermodynamic and Microphysical Fields | p. 228 |
3.7 Airborne Radar | p. 230 |
Chapter 4 Observation of Clear Air | p. 233 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 233 |
4.2 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by a Turbulent Medium | p. 234 |
4.2.1 General Relations | p. 234 |
4.2.2 Reflectivity in the Inertial Domain | p. 236 |
4.2.3 Relationship Between Radar Reflectivity and the Average Atmospheric Field | p. 238 |
4.3 ST Radar | p. 240 |
4.3.1 Influence of the Wavelength | p. 240 |
4.3.2 Wind Measurements | p. 243 |
4.3.3 Reflectivity | p. 245 |
4.3.4 Networks of ST Radar | p. 247 |
4.4 Rass | p. 249 |
4.5 Insects | p. 252 |
4.5.1 General Characteristics | p. 252 |
4.5.2 Insects and Birds | p. 255 |
4.5.3 Observations | p. 256 |
4.6 Artificial Tracers | p. 256 |
4.6.1 General Properties | p. 256 |
4.6.2 Applications to Atmospheric Observation | p. 257 |
Chapter 5 Introduction to the Study of Some Meteorological Structures by Radar | p. 261 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 261 |
5.1.1 Diversity of Meteorological Structures | p. 261 |
5.1.2 Movements of the Atmosphere | p. 261 |
5.1.3 The Area of Radar Application | p. 265 |
5.2 Convection in the Planetary Boundary Layer | p. 266 |
5.2.1 The Convective Boundary Layer | p. 266 |
5.2.2 Observation of the Convective Field | p. 267 |
5.2.3 The Aerobiological Field | p. 270 |
5.2.4 Pollution and Plumes | p. 271 |
5.3 Deep Convection and Thunderstorms | p. 273 |
5.3.1 The Convective Cells | p. 275 |
5.3.2 Convective Storm Structure | p. 278 |
5.3.3 Squall Lines | p. 284 |
5.3.4 Microbursts | p. 285 |
5.3.5 Hail | p. 288 |
5.3.6 Electrical Activity of Storms | p. 289 |
5.4 Tornadoes and Vortexes | p. 290 |
5.4.1 General Characteristics | p. 290 |
5.4.2 Identification of Vortexes by Radar | p. 291 |
5.4.3 Application to Warning Systems | p. 297 |
5.5 Extratropical Cyclone Disturbances and Stratiform Clouds | p. 298 |
5.5.1 Structure of Extratropical Cyclone Disturbances | p. 298 |
5.5.2 Stratiform Precipitation | p. 303 |
5.6 Tropical Cyclones | p. 312 |
5.7 Turbulent Stratifications and Shear Instability | p. 314 |
5.8 Experimental Modification of Clouds and Precipitation | p. 318 |
Appendix 1 Bibliographical Note | p. 321 |
Appendix 2 Units and Symbols | p. 323 |
Appendix 3 List of Constants | p. 327 |
Appendix 4 Definitions and Various Numerical Values | p. 329 |
References | p. 339 |
Index | p. 363 |