Multi-gigabit microwave and millimeter-wave wireless communications

For decades, microwave radios in the 6 to 50 GHz bands have been providing wireless communications. Recently, newer technologies at the 60 to 100 GHz mm-wave bands have taken advantage of new wireless regulations that are designed to enable ultra-high capacity communications. Exploring this exciting area in depth, this cutting-edge resource offers you the latest details on multigigabit wireless communications. The book places emphasis on practical use and applications, but also provides a thorough explanation of important technological underpinnings to give you a complete understanding of subject. You find clear guidance on system design and link planning, helping you to determine performance levels given the physical limitations of operating in these frequency bands. Supported with over 50 illustrations, the book covers a wide range of critical topics, from the high frequency electromagnetic spectrum and high data rate mm-wave radios, to wireless link margins and path profiling.

Author Notes

Jonathan Wells is the president and managing partner of AJIS LLC, a consulting firm specializing in wireless technology, mobile communications, and emerging wireless fields. He has over 20 years of combined industry, research, academic, and consulting experience. He is a senior member of the IEEE and holds an M.B.A from Massey University in New Zealand and a Ph.D. in microwave physics from the University of Bath in the United Kingdom.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
1 The High Data Rate Wireless Environment	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 2
1.2.1 Management of the Radio Frequency Spectrum	p. 4
1.2.2 Radio Frequency Plans	p. 7
1.3 Spectrum for High Data Rate Wireless Transmission	p. 7
1.4 High Data Rate Wireless Technologies	p. 9
1.4.1 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Technologies	p. 11
1.4.2 Free-Space Optics	p. 12
1.4.3 WiFi, WiMAX, and LTE	p. 14
1.5 Summary	p. 15
References	p. 16
2 High-Frequency Wireless Propagation	p. 17
2.1 Introduction	p. 17
2.2 Electromagnetic Propagation	p. 18
2.3 Free-Space Loss	p. 20
2.4 Attenuation Due to Atmospheric Gases	p. 23
2.4.1 Regional Variations	p. 25
2.4.2 Altitude Variations	p. 27
2.5 Attenuation Due to Rain	p. 31
2.6 Attenuation Due to Other Airborne Particles	p. 34
2.6.1 Fog and Clouds	p. 34
2.6.2 Snow and Ice	p. 37
2.6.3 Sand, Dust, and Other Small Particles	p. 38
2.7 Attenuation Due to Blockage of the Transmission Path	p. 38
2.7.1 Foliage Losses	p. 38
2.7.2 Diffraction Losses and Fresnel Zones	p. 38
2.8 Summary	p. 39
References	p. 40
3 High Data Rate Wireless Systems	p. 41
3.1 Introduction	p. 41
3.2 High Data Rate Wireless System Architectures	p. 42
3.2.1 Indoor and Outdoor Architectures	p. 42
3.2.2 Diplexing Architectures	p. 45
3.3 High Data Rate Line Protocols	p. 48
3.3.1 PDH	p. 48
3.3.2 SDH/SONET	p. 48
3.3.3 Ethernet	p. 49
3.3.4 Other High Data Rate Line Protocols	p. 51
3.4 High Data Rate Wireless Building Blocks	p. 53
3.4.1 Power Supply	p. 53
3.4.2 Data Interface/Multiplexer	p. 54
3.4.3 Modulator	p. 56
3.4.4 Demodulator	p. 63
3.4.5 Transmitter	p. 64
3.4.6 Receiver	p. 67
3.4.7 Combiner	p. 68
3.4.8 Antenna	p. 69
3.5 Summary	p. 73
Reference	p. 74
4 Multi-Gigabit Microwave Radios	p. 75
4.1 Introduction	p. 75
4.2 Characteristics of the Microwave Bands	p. 76
4.2.1 Frequency Bands and Channel Sizes	p. 76
4.2.2 Rules and Regulations	p. 78
4.2.3 Licensing	p. 81
4.2.4 System Characteristics	p. 83
4.3 Market Applications	p. 83
4.3.1 Mobile Backhaul	p. 84
4.3.2 Enterprise Connectivity	p. 85
4.4 Methods for Achieving Gigabit Per Second Data Rates	p. 86
4.4.1 Single Channel Transmission	p. 86
4.4.2 Adjacent Channel Transmission	p. 91
4.4.3 Dual-Polarization Transmission	p. 93
4.4.4 Dual Channel Dual Polarization	p. 96
4.4.5 Data Compression	p. 96
4.4.6 MIMO	p. 99
4.5 The Future?	p. 100
4.5.1 Higher-Order Modulations	p. 100
4.5.2 Channel Bonding	p. 100
4.5.3 Higher Frequency Bands	p. 101
4.6 Summary	p. 101
References	p. 102
5 Multi-Gigabit 60-GHz Millimeter-Wave Radios	p. 103
5.1 Introduction	p. 103
5.2 Characteristics of the 60-GHz Band	p. 104
5.2.1 Frequency Bands and Channel Sizes	p. 104
5.2.2 Rules and Regulations	p. 106
5.2.3 Propagation Impediments	p. 117
5.3 60-GHz Market Applications	p. 118
5.3.1 Point-to-Point Outdoor Connections	p. 118
5.3.2 WLAN Connections	p. 118
5.4 60-GHz WLAN Standards	p. 121
5.4.1 WirelessHD	p. 122
5.4.2 IEEE 802.15.3c	p. 124
5.4.3 ECMA-387/ISO/IEC 13156	p. 126
5.4.4 IEEE 802.1 1ad	p. 127
5.4.5 WiGig	p. 129
5.4.6 Summary	p. 130
5.5 Technology Choices for High Data Rate 60-GHz Devices	p. 130
5.6 High Data Rate 60-GHz Systems	p. 131
5.6.1 Outdoor Point to Point	p. 131
5.6.2 WirelessHD	p. 132
5.6.3 Wireless LAN/PAN	p. 134
5.7 The Future?	p. 139
5.7.1 Frequency, Channel, and Specification Harmonization	p. 139
5.7.2 Consolidation of 60-GHz WLAN/WPAN Standards	p. 140
5.8 Summary	p. 140
References	p. 141
6 Multi-Gigabit 70/80-GHz and Higher Millimeter-Wave Radios	p. 143
6.1 Introduction	p. 143
6.2 Characteristics of the 70/80-GHz Bands	p. 144
6.2.1 Frequency Bands and Channel Sizes	p. 144
6.2.2 Rules and Regulations	p. 147
6.2.3 Comparison of FCC and ETSI Rules	p. 155
6.2.4 Licensing	p. 157
6.2.5 System Characteristics	p. 161
6.3 70/80-GHz Market Applications	p. 161
6.3.1 Cellular and WiMAX Backhaul	p. 161
6.3.2 Remote Radio Heads/Distributed Antenna Systems	p. 163
6.3.3 Enterprise Connections	p. 164
6.3.4 Fiber Extensions/Backup	p. 164
6.3.5 Other Applications	p. 165
6.4 High Data Rate 70/80-GHz Radio Equipment	p. 166
6.4.1 Commercial Equipment	p. 166
6.4.2 System Architectures and Performance Tradeoffs	p. 166
6.5 90-GHz and Higher Bands	p. 171
6.6 The Future?	p. 172
6.6.1 Increased Performance and Link Distance	p. 172
6.6.2 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps Systems	p. 173
6.7 Summary	p. 175
References	p. 176
7 High Data Rate Wireless Link Design	p. 177
7.1 Introduction	p. 177
7.2 Link Budget and Fade Margin	p. 178
7.2.1 Example Link Budget	p. 181
7.2.2 Fade Margin Versus Link Distance	p. 182
7.3 Link Availability and Distance	p. 187
7.3.1 Availability	p. 187
7.3.2 Rain Statistics	p. 187
7.3.3 Rain Attenuation	p. 193
7.3.4 Rain Cells	p. 194
7.3.5 Example High Capacity Link Availabilities and Distances	p. 196
7.4 Improving High Capacity Link Availability and Distance	p. 199
7.4.1 Automatic Transmit Power Control	p. 199
7.4.2 Adaptive Coding and Modulation	p. 200
7.4.3 Adaptive Rate	p. 202
7.4.4 Ring and Mesh Topologies	p. 202
7.5 Summary	p. 203
References	p. 204
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. 205
About the Author	p. 215
Index	p. 217

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