Millimeter-wave radar targets and clutter

Supported with over 280 equations and more than 130 illustrations, this reference provides a summary of the interactions between radar waves and the entire class of targets and clutter affecting operation of radar in the upper microwave and millimeter-wave bands.

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. xi
Chapter 1 Radar Characteristics of Targets	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Target RCS	p. 3
1.2.1 RCS Models	p. 3
1.2.2 RCSs of Real Targets	p. 7
1.3 Radar Reflections from Explosions and Gas Wakes of Operating Engines	p. 18
1.3.1 Analysis of Radar Reflection Mechanisms	p. 18
1.3.2 Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Explosion and Fuel Combustion	p. 23
1.3.3 Radar Reflections from Explosion and Gas Wake	p. 28
1.3.4 Centimeter Wave and MMW Attenuation in Explosions	p. 34
1.3.5 Radar Backscattering from Sonic Perturbations Caused by Aerodynamic Object Flight	p. 41
1.4 Statistical Characteristics of Targets	p. 55
1.4.1 Target Statistical Models	p. 55
1.4.2 Real Target Statistical Characteristics	p. 58
1.4.3 Echo Power Spectra	p. 62
1.5 Surface Influence on the Statistical Characteristics of Radar Targets	p. 72
1.5.1 Diffuse Scattering Surface Influence on the Statistical Characteristics	p. 72
1.5.2 Multiple Surface Reflection Influence	p. 78
References	p. 84
Chapter 2 Land Backscattering	p. 89
2.1 Classification and Physical Characteristics of Land	p. 89
2.2 State of the Theory	p. 95
2.2.1 RCS Models	p. 95
2.2.2 Power Spectrum Model	p. 101
2.3 Normalized RCS	p. 108
2.3.1 Normalized RCS of a Quasi-Smooth Surface	p. 108
2.3.2 Normalized RCS for Rough Surfaces Without Vegetation	p. 109
2.3.3 Backscattering from Snow	p. 114
2.3.4 Backscattering from Vegetation	p. 118
2.3.5 Normalized RCS Models	p. 120
2.4 Depolarization of Scattered Signals	p. 123
2.5 Statistical Characteristics of the Scattered Signals	p. 126
2.6 Power Spectra of Scattered Signals	p. 128
References	p. 133
Chapter 3 Estimation of Land Parameters by Multichannel Radar Methods	p. 137
3.1 Estimation of Soil Parameters	p. 137
3.1.1 Introduction	p. 137
3.1.2 Soil Backscattering Modeling	p. 138
3.1.3 Efficiency of Multichannel Methods	p. 145
3.2 Soil Erosion Experimental Determination	p. 150
3.2.1 Set and Technique of Measurement	p. 150
3.2.2 Statistical and Agrophysical Characteristics of Fields	p. 151
3.2.3 On-Land Radar Measurement Results	p. 155
3.2.4 Aircraft Remote Sensing	p. 157
3.3 Methods of Multichannel Radar Image Processing	p. 159
3.3.1 Image Superimposing	p. 159
3.3.2 Methods of Multichannel Radar Image Filtering	p. 163
3.4 Soil Erosion Determination from Ratio Images: Experimental Results	p. 166
References	p. 168
Chapter 4 Sea Backscattering at Low Grazing Angles	p. 171
4.1 Sea Roughness Features for Small Grazing Angles	p. 171
4.1.1 Sea Roughness Characteristics	p. 171
4.1.2 Shadowing and Peaks in Heavy Sea	p. 184
4.2 Sea Backscattering Models	p. 189
4.3 Sea Normalized RCS	p. 193
4.4 Depolarization of Scattered Signals	p. 197
4.5 Sea Clutter RCS Model	p. 202
4.6 Sea Clutter Statistics	p. 206
4.7 Radar Spike Characteristics of Sea Backscattering	p. 209
4.8 Backscattering Spectra	p. 213
References	p. 222
Chapter 5 Microwave and MMW Backscattering by Precipitation and Other Meteorological Formations	p. 227
5.1 Structure of Meteorological Formations	p. 227
5.2 Atmospheric Attenuation	p. 233
5.3 Backscattering Theory	p. 236
5.4 Experimental Results Review	p. 239
5.4.1 Precipitation Backscattering	p. 239
5.4.2 Cloud Backscattering	p. 242
5.5 The Statistical Characteristics of Scattered Signals	p. 242
5.6 Radar Reflections from "Clear" Sky (Angel-Echo)	p. 250
5.6.1 Point Reflections	p. 250
5.6.2 Backscattering from the Turbulent Atmosphere	p. 254
References	p. 256
Chapter 6 Sea and Land Radar Clutter Modeling	p. 259
6.1 Land Clutter Modeling	p. 259
6.1.1 Initial Data	p. 259
6.1.2 Peculiarities of Land Clutter Simulation	p. 262
6.2 Sea Clutter Modeling	p. 267
6.2.1 Peculiarities of Sea Clutter Simulation	p. 267
6.2.2 Algorithm of Sea Clutter Simulation	p. 268
6.3 Clutter Map Development	p. 276
6.3.1 Initial Data for Modeling	p. 276
6.3.2 Software Input and Processing Components	p. 277
6.3.3 Raster Image Processing Module	p. 278
6.3.4 Automatic Highlighting of Contours on the Raster	p. 280
6.3.5 Steady Algorithm of Surface Recovery from Contours	p. 282
6.3.6 Simulation of the Absolute Reflectivity	p. 283
References	p. 284
Chapter 7 Clutter Rejection in MMW Radar	p. 287
7.1 Influence of Propagation Effects on MMW Radar Operation	p. 287
7.1.1 Introduction	p. 287
7.1.2 Multipath Attenuation	p. 288
7.2 Influence of Rain and Multipath Attenuation on Radar Range	p. 290
7.3 Influence of Land and Rain Clutter on Radar Detection Range	p. 292
7.4 Land and Rain Clutter Rejection in Millimeter Band Radar	p. 297
7.4.1 General Notes	p. 297
7.4.2 Land and Sea Clutter Rejection	p. 298
7.4.3 Rain Clutter Rejection	p. 305
References	p. 311
About the Author	p. 313
Index	p. 315

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