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Searching... | 32050000000372 | RS201.N35 N36 2011 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
Searching... | 30000010281170 | RS201.N35 N35 2011 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
This book provides a concise state of the art of the synthesis and properties of nanocomposite particles with interest for diverse bio-applications. Contributions are mainly related to the chemical design of nanocomposite particles, their properties as well as their constituent materials, and the tailoring of bio-interfaces that may be relevant to the fields of clinical diagnosis and drug delivery procedures, among other bio-applications.
Author Notes
Tito Trindade is Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry and a member of the Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials (CICECO) of the University of Aveiro, Portugal. Following his PhD at the imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London (1996), he implemented a research line at the University of Aveiro with a special focus on the synthesis and chemical surface modification of nanomaterials. His other research interests include the chemistry of inorganic pigments and the synthesis of inorganic-organic hybrids. Tito Trindade has co-authored over 140 scientific publications and has been involved in teaching inorganic and materials chemistry and in popularizing chemistry among non-specialized audiences, in particular issues related to nanotechnology.
Ana Lusa Daniel da Silva is Auxiliary Researcher at the Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials (CICECO) of the University of Aveiro, Portugal. She received her degree in chemical engineering from institute Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal, in 2000 and her PhD with honors in materials science from the University of Alicante, Spain, in 2005. Ana dal Siiva's main scientific interests have been centered on the development of nanomaterials for bio-applications, including magnetic nanoparticles and scaffolds for bone regeneration. Her work has been published in SCI papers, and she has been a regular referee for journals in the area of chemistry and materials science.
Table of Contents
List of Figures | p. xi |
List of Tables | p. xix |
Preface | p. xxi |
1 From Nanoparticles to Nanocomposites: A Brief Overview | p. 1 |
1.1 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: An introduction | p. 1 |
1.2 Nanoparticles' Diversity | p. 3 |
1.2.1 Quantum dots | p. 4 |
1.2.2 Iron oxides | p. 4 |
1.2.3 Metal nanoparticles | p. 5 |
1.3 Surface Modification of Nanoparticles | p. 7 |
1.3.1 Ligand exchange reactions | p. 8 |
1.3.2 Inorganic nanocoating | p. 8 |
1.3.3 Encapsulation in polymers | p. 10 |
1.4 Designing Biointerfaces over Nanoparticles | p. 11 |
1.5 Challenges for the Future... Nanosafety for Today | p. 14 |
2 Polymers for Biomedical Applications: Chemical Modification and Biofunctionalization | p. 21 |
2.1 Drug Delivery Systems | p. 21 |
2.2 Hydrogels | p. 23 |
2.2.1 Application of hydrogels | p. 24 |
2.2.2 Types of hydrogels | p. 25 |
2.3 Bioadhesives | p. 30 |
2.4 Surface Modification | p. 34 |
2.4.1 Surface modification by ultra-violet radiation | p. 36 |
2.4.2 Plasma treatment | p. 37 |
2.4.2.1 Plasma generation | p. 37 |
2.4.2.2 Plasma polymerization and surface modification of polymers | p. 38 |
2.5 Concluding Remarks | p. 39 |
3 Nanocapsules as Carriers for the Transport and Targeted Delivery of Bioactive Molecules | p. 45 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 45 |
3.2 Polymeric Nanocapsules: Production and Characterization | p. 45 |
3.2.1 Nanocapsules made of synthetic polymers | p. 47 |
3.2.1.1 Polyacrylate nanocapsules | p. 47 |
3.2.1.2 Polyester nanocapsules | p. 49 |
3.2.2 Nanocapsules made of natural polymers | p. 50 |
3.2.3 Lipid nanocapsules | p. 51 |
3.3 Therapeutical Applications of Nanocapsules | p. 52 |
3.3.1 Nanocapsules for oral drug delivery | p. 52 |
3.3.1.1 Nanocapsules for oral peptide delivery | p. 52 |
3.3.1.2 Nanocapsules for oral delivery of lipophilic low molecular weight drugs | p. 54 |
3.3.2 Nanocapsules as nasal drug carriers | p. 55 |
3.3.3 Nanocapsules as ocular drug carriers | p. 56 |
3.3.4 Nanocapsules in cancer therapy | p. 58 |
3.3.5 Nanocapsules as carriers for gene therapy | p. 59 |
3.4 Conclusions | p. 60 |
4 Inorganic Nanoparticles Biofunctionalization | p. 69 |
4.1 Bioeonjugation of Nanoparticles | p. 69 |
4.2 Nanoparticles and Their Surface Properties | p. 70 |
4.2.1 Surface capping of nanoparticles | p. 70 |
4.2.2 Semiconductor quantum dots and metallic nanoparticles | p. 71 |
4.2.3 Silica nanoparticles and silica encapsulation | p. 72 |
4.3 Attachment Schemes | p. 74 |
4.3.1 Covalent attachment | p. 74 |
4.3.2 Non-covalent attachment | p. 75 |
4.3.3 Affinity binding | p. 76 |
4.4 Specific Cases | p. 76 |
4.4.1 Proteins | p. 76 |
4.4.2 DNA | p. 78 |
4.4.3 Avidin | p. 79 |
4.4.4 Phospholipid encapsulation and functionalization | p. 81 |
4.5 Applications | p. 83 |
4.5.1 Cellular imaging | p. 83 |
4.5.2 Drug delivery | p. 84 |
4.5.3 Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer | p. 86 |
4.5.4 Hyperthermia | p. 87 |
4.6 Conclusion | p. 88 |
5 Silica-Based Materials: Bioprocesses and Nanocomposites | p. 97 |
5.1 Natural Silica Nanocomposites | p. 97 |
5.1.1 Introduction | p. 97 |
5.1.2 Diatom biosilica | p. 98 |
5.1.3 Sponge biosilica | p. 99 |
5.1.4 (Bio)-technological applications of biosilica | p. 100 |
5.2 Biomimetic Silica Nanocomposites | p. 102 |
5.2.1 Introduction | p. 102 |
5.2.2 Silica nanocomposites based on natural templates | p. 102 |
5.2.3 Silica nanocomposites based on model templates | p. 103 |
5.2.3.1 Synthetic peptides | p. 103 |
5.2.3.2 Synthetic polyamines | p. 103 |
5.2.3.3 Biological templates | p. 105 |
5.2.4 Biomimetism: How far can we go? | p. 106 |
5.3 Bio-Inspired Silica Nanocomposites | p. 107 |
5.3.1 Introduction | p. 107 |
5.3.2 Biotechnological and medical applications | p. 107 |
5.3.3 Perspectives | p. 109 |
6 Synthetic Strategies for Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Particles | p. 115 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 115 |
6.2 Surfaces and Interfaces: Chemical Modification of Nanoparticles | p. 117 |
6.3 In situ Synthetic Strategies for Polymer-Based Colloidal Nanocomposites | p. 120 |
6.3.1 In situ preparation of the fillers | p. 121 |
6.3.1.1 Sol-gel methods | p. 121 |
6.3.2 In situ polymerization of the matrix | p. 123 |
6.3.2.1 Organic solvent-based methods: Dispersion polymerization | p. 124 |
6.3.2.2 Water-based methods: Emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization | p. 125 |
6.3.3 Controlled polymerization: Surface initiated polymerization(SIP) | p. 128 |
6.3.3.1 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Atrp | p. 128 |
6.3.3.2 Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain transfer (Raft) polymerization | p. 130 |
6.3.3.3 Combined controlled polymerization mechanisms | p. 132 |
6.4 Functionalization of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Bio-Applications | p. 132 |
6.5 Final Remarks | p. 134 |
7 Synthesis of Nanocomposite Particles Using Supercritical Fluids: A Bridge with Bio-applications | p. 145 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 145 |
7.2 Supercritical Fluids: Definition and Current use in, Bio-Applications | p. 146 |
7.2.1 Definition | p. 146 |
7.2.2 Scps in biomedical applications | p. 148 |
7.2.2.1 Development of drug delivery systems | p. 148 |
7.2.2.2 scC02 for purification and sterilization | p. 150 |
7.3 Can Scfs be Used to Introduce Inorganic NPs into Polymers? | p. 150 |
7.3.1 Formation of hybrid organic-inorganic NPs in Scps(route 1) | p. 152 |
7.3.2 Encapsulation of inorganic NPs into a polymer shell (route 2) | p. 153 |
7.3.3 Polymer swelling and in situ growth of inorganic NPs (route 3) | p. 154 |
7.3.3.1 Polymer swelling by scC02 | p. 155 |
7.3.3.2 Chemical transformation of impregnated metal precursor | p. 155 |
7.4 Conclusions | p. 157 |
8 Biocomposites Containing Magnetic Nanoparticles | p. 165 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 165 |
8.2 Magnetic Properties | p. 167 |
8.2.1 Magnetism at nanoscale level: Concepts and main phenomena | p. 167 |
8.2.1.1 Basic concepts | p. 167 |
8.2.1.2 Systems with interactions between magnetic centers | p. 168 |
8.2.1.3 Superparamagnetism | p. 169 |
8.2.2 Magnetism concepts subjacent to bio-applicatons | p. 172 |
8.2.2.1 Magnetic separation and drug delivery | p. 172 |
8.2.2.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (Mri) | p. 172 |
8.2.2.3 Magnetic hyperthermia | p. 173 |
8.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bio-Applications | p. 175 |
8.3.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles | p. 175 |
8.3.2 Metallic nanoparticles | p. 176 |
8.3.3 Metal alloy nanoparticles | p. 177 |
8.3.4 Bimagnetic nanoparticles | p. 177 |
8.4 Strategies of Synthesis of Magnetic Biocomposite Nanoparticles | p. 178 |
8.4.1 In situ formation of magnetic nanoparticles | p. 179 |
8.4.1.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles | p. 180 |
8.4.1.2 Other magnetic nanoparticles | p. 183 |
8.4.2 Encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles within biopolymers | p. 185 |
8.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook | p. 186 |
9 Multifunctional Nanoeomposite Particles for Biomedical Applications | p. 193 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 193 |
9.2 Types of Multifunctional Magnetic-Fluorescent Nanocomposites | p. 194 |
9.3 Main Approaches to the Preparation of Multifunctional Magnetic-Fluorescent Nanocomposites | p. 195 |
9.3.1 Silica coated magnetic-fluorescent nanoparticles | p. 196 |
9.3.2 Organic polymer coated magnetic cores treated with fluorescent entities | p. 198 |
9.3.3 Ionic assemblies of magnetic cores and fluorescent entities | p. 199 |
9.3.4 Fluoreseently-labeled lipid coated magnetic nanoparticles | p. 200 |
9.3.5 Magnetic core directly linked to fluorescent entity via a molecular spacer | p. 201 |
9.3.6 Magnetic cores coated by fluorescent semiconducting shells | p. 201 |
9.3.7 Magnetically-doped Qds | p. 202 |
9.3.8 Magnetic nanoparticles and Qds embedded within a polymer or silica matrix | p. 203 |
9.4 Biomedical Applications | p. 204 |
9.4.1 Bio-imaging probes | p. 204 |
9.4.2 Cell tracking, sorting and bioseparation | p. 206 |
9.4.3 Applications in nanomedicine | p. 208 |
9.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook | p. 210 |
10 Bio-Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposites | p. 217 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 217 |
10.2 Fundaments of Nanomagnetism | p. 220 |
10.2.1 Single-domain particles | p. 220 |
10.2.2 Magnetic anisotropy energy | p. 220 |
10.2.3 Superparamagnetism | p. 221 |
10.3 Fundaments of Colloidal Stability | p. 223 |
10.4 Bio-Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles | p. 224 |
10.4.1 Magnetic separation | p. 224 |
10.4.2 Drug delivery | p. 225 |
10.4.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (Mri) | p. 227 |
10.4.3.1 Contrast agents based on superparamagnetic nanomagnets | p. 228 |
10.4.4 Magnetobiosensors | p. 231 |
10.4.4.1 Magnetobiosensors based on magnetorelaxometry | p. 232 |
10.4.4.2 Magnetobiosensors based on magnetoresistance | p. 233 |
10.4.4.3 Magnetosensors based on Hall effect | p. 234 |
10.4.4.4 Magnetoplasmonics | p. 234 |
10.4.5 Magnetic hyperthermia | p. 235 |
10.5 Summary and Outlook | p. 238 |
11 Anti-Microbial Polymer Nanocomposites | p. 249 |
11.1 Introduction | p. 249 |
11.1.1 Packaging | p. 250 |
11.1.2 Textiles | p. 250 |
11.1.3 Coatings | p. 252 |
11.1.3.1 Antimicrobial coatings | p. 252 |
11.1.3.2 Medicine, pathology and surgical implants/ biomedical coatings | p. 253 |
11.2 Anti-Microbial Polymer-Based Nanocomposites | p. 253 |
11.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action | p. 256 |
11.3.1 Detection of microbes | p. 256 |
11.3.2 Control of microbial growth | p. 257 |
11.4 Environmental and Health Concerns | p. 260 |
12 Biosensing Applications Using Nanoparticles | p. 265 |
12.1 Biosensors: A Definition | p. 265 |
12.2 Uses of Gold Nanoparticles | p. 266 |
12.2.1 Tailoring biointerfaces over gold nanoparticles | p. 267 |
12.2.2 Biosensing applications of gold nanoparticles | p. 268 |
12.2.2.1 Crosslinking-based biosensing | p. 269 |
12.2.2.2 Non-crosslmking-based biosensing | p. 272 |
12.3 Semiconductor Quantum Dots | p. 273 |
12.3.1 Properties of quantum dots | p. 273 |
12.3.2 Biosensing with quantum dots | p. 273 |
12.3.2.1 Immunosensing | p. 274 |
12.3.2.2 Dna assays | p. 274 |
12.3.2.3 Resonance energy transfer-based assays | p. 275 |
12.4 Outlook Remarks | p. 277 |
Index | p. 283 |