Cover image for Nanocomposite particles for bio-applications : materials and bio-interfaces
Title:
Nanocomposite particles for bio-applications : materials and bio-interfaces
Publication Information:
Singapore, SI. : Pan Stanford, 2011
Physical Description:
xxii, 289 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9789814267786

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32050000000372 RS201.N35 N36 2011 Open Access Book Book
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30000010281170 RS201.N35 N35 2011 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

This book provides a concise state of the art of the synthesis and properties of nanocomposite particles with interest for diverse bio-applications. Contributions are mainly related to the chemical design of nanocomposite particles, their properties as well as their constituent materials, and the tailoring of bio-interfaces that may be relevant to the fields of clinical diagnosis and drug delivery procedures, among other bio-applications.


Author Notes

Tito Trindade is Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry and a member of the Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials (CICECO) of the University of Aveiro, Portugal. Following his PhD at the imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London (1996), he implemented a research line at the University of Aveiro with a special focus on the synthesis and chemical surface modification of nanomaterials. His other research interests include the chemistry of inorganic pigments and the synthesis of inorganic-organic hybrids. Tito Trindade has co-authored over 140 scientific publications and has been involved in teaching inorganic and materials chemistry and in popularizing chemistry among non-specialized audiences, in particular issues related to nanotechnology.
Ana Lusa Daniel da Silva is Auxiliary Researcher at the Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials (CICECO) of the University of Aveiro, Portugal. She received her degree in chemical engineering from institute Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal, in 2000 and her PhD with honors in materials science from the University of Alicante, Spain, in 2005. Ana dal Siiva's main scientific interests have been centered on the development of nanomaterials for bio-applications, including magnetic nanoparticles and scaffolds for bone regeneration. Her work has been published in SCI papers, and she has been a regular referee for journals in the area of chemistry and materials science.


Table of Contents

List of Figuresp. xi
List of Tablesp. xix
Prefacep. xxi
1 From Nanoparticles to Nanocomposites: A Brief Overviewp. 1
1.1 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: An introductionp. 1
1.2 Nanoparticles' Diversityp. 3
1.2.1 Quantum dotsp. 4
1.2.2 Iron oxidesp. 4
1.2.3 Metal nanoparticlesp. 5
1.3 Surface Modification of Nanoparticlesp. 7
1.3.1 Ligand exchange reactionsp. 8
1.3.2 Inorganic nanocoatingp. 8
1.3.3 Encapsulation in polymersp. 10
1.4 Designing Biointerfaces over Nanoparticlesp. 11
1.5 Challenges for the Future... Nanosafety for Todayp. 14
2 Polymers for Biomedical Applications: Chemical Modification and Biofunctionalizationp. 21
2.1 Drug Delivery Systemsp. 21
2.2 Hydrogelsp. 23
2.2.1 Application of hydrogelsp. 24
2.2.2 Types of hydrogelsp. 25
2.3 Bioadhesivesp. 30
2.4 Surface Modificationp. 34
2.4.1 Surface modification by ultra-violet radiationp. 36
2.4.2 Plasma treatmentp. 37
2.4.2.1 Plasma generationp. 37
2.4.2.2 Plasma polymerization and surface modification of polymersp. 38
2.5 Concluding Remarksp. 39
3 Nanocapsules as Carriers for the Transport and Targeted Delivery of Bioactive Moleculesp. 45
3.1 Introductionp. 45
3.2 Polymeric Nanocapsules: Production and Characterizationp. 45
3.2.1 Nanocapsules made of synthetic polymersp. 47
3.2.1.1 Polyacrylate nanocapsulesp. 47
3.2.1.2 Polyester nanocapsulesp. 49
3.2.2 Nanocapsules made of natural polymersp. 50
3.2.3 Lipid nanocapsulesp. 51
3.3 Therapeutical Applications of Nanocapsulesp. 52
3.3.1 Nanocapsules for oral drug deliveryp. 52
3.3.1.1 Nanocapsules for oral peptide deliveryp. 52
3.3.1.2 Nanocapsules for oral delivery of lipophilic low molecular weight drugsp. 54
3.3.2 Nanocapsules as nasal drug carriersp. 55
3.3.3 Nanocapsules as ocular drug carriersp. 56
3.3.4 Nanocapsules in cancer therapyp. 58
3.3.5 Nanocapsules as carriers for gene therapyp. 59
3.4 Conclusionsp. 60
4 Inorganic Nanoparticles Biofunctionalizationp. 69
4.1 Bioeonjugation of Nanoparticlesp. 69
4.2 Nanoparticles and Their Surface Propertiesp. 70
4.2.1 Surface capping of nanoparticlesp. 70
4.2.2 Semiconductor quantum dots and metallic nanoparticlesp. 71
4.2.3 Silica nanoparticles and silica encapsulationp. 72
4.3 Attachment Schemesp. 74
4.3.1 Covalent attachmentp. 74
4.3.2 Non-covalent attachmentp. 75
4.3.3 Affinity bindingp. 76
4.4 Specific Casesp. 76
4.4.1 Proteinsp. 76
4.4.2 DNAp. 78
4.4.3 Avidinp. 79
4.4.4 Phospholipid encapsulation and functionalizationp. 81
4.5 Applicationsp. 83
4.5.1 Cellular imagingp. 83
4.5.2 Drug deliveryp. 84
4.5.3 Bioluminescence resonance energy transferp. 86
4.5.4 Hyperthermiap. 87
4.6 Conclusionp. 88
5 Silica-Based Materials: Bioprocesses and Nanocompositesp. 97
5.1 Natural Silica Nanocompositesp. 97
5.1.1 Introductionp. 97
5.1.2 Diatom biosilicap. 98
5.1.3 Sponge biosilicap. 99
5.1.4 (Bio)-technological applications of biosilicap. 100
5.2 Biomimetic Silica Nanocompositesp. 102
5.2.1 Introductionp. 102
5.2.2 Silica nanocomposites based on natural templatesp. 102
5.2.3 Silica nanocomposites based on model templatesp. 103
5.2.3.1 Synthetic peptidesp. 103
5.2.3.2 Synthetic polyaminesp. 103
5.2.3.3 Biological templatesp. 105
5.2.4 Biomimetism: How far can we go?p. 106
5.3 Bio-Inspired Silica Nanocompositesp. 107
5.3.1 Introductionp. 107
5.3.2 Biotechnological and medical applicationsp. 107
5.3.3 Perspectivesp. 109
6 Synthetic Strategies for Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Particlesp. 115
6.1 Introductionp. 115
6.2 Surfaces and Interfaces: Chemical Modification of Nanoparticlesp. 117
6.3 In situ Synthetic Strategies for Polymer-Based Colloidal Nanocompositesp. 120
6.3.1 In situ preparation of the fillersp. 121
6.3.1.1 Sol-gel methodsp. 121
6.3.2 In situ polymerization of the matrixp. 123
6.3.2.1 Organic solvent-based methods: Dispersion polymerizationp. 124
6.3.2.2 Water-based methods: Emulsion and miniemulsion polymerizationp. 125
6.3.3 Controlled polymerization: Surface initiated polymerization(SIP)p. 128
6.3.3.1 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Atrpp. 128
6.3.3.2 Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain transfer (Raft) polymerizationp. 130
6.3.3.3 Combined controlled polymerization mechanismsp. 132
6.4 Functionalization of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Bio-Applicationsp. 132
6.5 Final Remarksp. 134
7 Synthesis of Nanocomposite Particles Using Supercritical Fluids: A Bridge with Bio-applicationsp. 145
7.1 Introductionp. 145
7.2 Supercritical Fluids: Definition and Current use in, Bio-Applicationsp. 146
7.2.1 Definitionp. 146
7.2.2 Scps in biomedical applicationsp. 148
7.2.2.1 Development of drug delivery systemsp. 148
7.2.2.2 scC02 for purification and sterilizationp. 150
7.3 Can Scfs be Used to Introduce Inorganic NPs into Polymers?p. 150
7.3.1 Formation of hybrid organic-inorganic NPs in Scps(route 1)p. 152
7.3.2 Encapsulation of inorganic NPs into a polymer shell (route 2)p. 153
7.3.3 Polymer swelling and in situ growth of inorganic NPs (route 3)p. 154
7.3.3.1 Polymer swelling by scC02p. 155
7.3.3.2 Chemical transformation of impregnated metal precursorp. 155
7.4 Conclusionsp. 157
8 Biocomposites Containing Magnetic Nanoparticlesp. 165
8.1 Introductionp. 165
8.2 Magnetic Propertiesp. 167
8.2.1 Magnetism at nanoscale level: Concepts and main phenomenap. 167
8.2.1.1 Basic conceptsp. 167
8.2.1.2 Systems with interactions between magnetic centersp. 168
8.2.1.3 Superparamagnetismp. 169
8.2.2 Magnetism concepts subjacent to bio-applicatonsp. 172
8.2.2.1 Magnetic separation and drug deliveryp. 172
8.2.2.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (Mri)p. 172
8.2.2.3 Magnetic hyperthermiap. 173
8.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bio-Applicationsp. 175
8.3.1 Iron oxide nanoparticlesp. 175
8.3.2 Metallic nanoparticlesp. 176
8.3.3 Metal alloy nanoparticlesp. 177
8.3.4 Bimagnetic nanoparticlesp. 177
8.4 Strategies of Synthesis of Magnetic Biocomposite Nanoparticlesp. 178
8.4.1 In situ formation of magnetic nanoparticlesp. 179
8.4.1.1 Iron oxide nanoparticlesp. 180
8.4.1.2 Other magnetic nanoparticlesp. 183
8.4.2 Encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles within biopolymersp. 185
8.5 Conclusions and Future Outlookp. 186
9 Multifunctional Nanoeomposite Particles for Biomedical Applicationsp. 193
9.1 Introductionp. 193
9.2 Types of Multifunctional Magnetic-Fluorescent Nanocompositesp. 194
9.3 Main Approaches to the Preparation of Multifunctional Magnetic-Fluorescent Nanocompositesp. 195
9.3.1 Silica coated magnetic-fluorescent nanoparticlesp. 196
9.3.2 Organic polymer coated magnetic cores treated with fluorescent entitiesp. 198
9.3.3 Ionic assemblies of magnetic cores and fluorescent entitiesp. 199
9.3.4 Fluoreseently-labeled lipid coated magnetic nanoparticlesp. 200
9.3.5 Magnetic core directly linked to fluorescent entity via a molecular spacerp. 201
9.3.6 Magnetic cores coated by fluorescent semiconducting shellsp. 201
9.3.7 Magnetically-doped Qdsp. 202
9.3.8 Magnetic nanoparticles and Qds embedded within a polymer or silica matrixp. 203
9.4 Biomedical Applicationsp. 204
9.4.1 Bio-imaging probesp. 204
9.4.2 Cell tracking, sorting and bioseparationp. 206
9.4.3 Applications in nanomedicinep. 208
9.5 Conclusions and Future Outlookp. 210
10 Bio-Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Nanocompositesp. 217
10.1 Introductionp. 217
10.2 Fundaments of Nanomagnetismp. 220
10.2.1 Single-domain particlesp. 220
10.2.2 Magnetic anisotropy energyp. 220
10.2.3 Superparamagnetismp. 221
10.3 Fundaments of Colloidal Stabilityp. 223
10.4 Bio-Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticlesp. 224
10.4.1 Magnetic separationp. 224
10.4.2 Drug deliveryp. 225
10.4.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (Mri)p. 227
10.4.3.1 Contrast agents based on superparamagnetic nanomagnetsp. 228
10.4.4 Magnetobiosensorsp. 231
10.4.4.1 Magnetobiosensors based on magnetorelaxometryp. 232
10.4.4.2 Magnetobiosensors based on magnetoresistancep. 233
10.4.4.3 Magnetosensors based on Hall effectp. 234
10.4.4.4 Magnetoplasmonicsp. 234
10.4.5 Magnetic hyperthermiap. 235
10.5 Summary and Outlookp. 238
11 Anti-Microbial Polymer Nanocompositesp. 249
11.1 Introductionp. 249
11.1.1 Packagingp. 250
11.1.2 Textilesp. 250
11.1.3 Coatingsp. 252
11.1.3.1 Antimicrobial coatingsp. 252
11.1.3.2 Medicine, pathology and surgical implants/ biomedical coatingsp. 253
11.2 Anti-Microbial Polymer-Based Nanocompositesp. 253
11.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Actionp. 256
11.3.1 Detection of microbesp. 256
11.3.2 Control of microbial growthp. 257
11.4 Environmental and Health Concernsp. 260
12 Biosensing Applications Using Nanoparticlesp. 265
12.1 Biosensors: A Definitionp. 265
12.2 Uses of Gold Nanoparticlesp. 266
12.2.1 Tailoring biointerfaces over gold nanoparticlesp. 267
12.2.2 Biosensing applications of gold nanoparticlesp. 268
12.2.2.1 Crosslinking-based biosensingp. 269
12.2.2.2 Non-crosslmking-based biosensingp. 272
12.3 Semiconductor Quantum Dotsp. 273
12.3.1 Properties of quantum dotsp. 273
12.3.2 Biosensing with quantum dotsp. 273
12.3.2.1 Immunosensingp. 274
12.3.2.2 Dna assaysp. 274
12.3.2.3 Resonance energy transfer-based assaysp. 275
12.4 Outlook Remarksp. 277
Indexp. 283