Biomass as energy source : resources, systems and applications

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Title:

Series:

Sustainable energy developments ; 3

Publication Information:

Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, 2013

Physical Description:

xxxv, 272 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.

ISBN:

9780415620871

Abstract:

"Providing a state of the art in the field of available and future biomass resources, energy systems using biomass and optimization and control of systems and processes. The book covers biomass resources globally, but also complex systems such as biorefineries, polygeneration and pulp and paper industry, as well as chemicals used as feedstocks for plastics. Other examples are using wood for textiles and food additives as nano-fibers. The contributing authors are highly-qualified researchers and engineers in different aspects of biomass utilization from most parts of the world"--Provided by publisher

Subject Term:

Biomass energy

Added Author:

Dahlquist, Erik,

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... FKA Library	32010000000168	TP339 B5654 2013	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

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Summary

Global energy use is approximately 140 000 TWh per year. Interestingly, biomass production amounts to approximately 270 000 TWh per year, or roughly twice as much, whereas the official figure of biomass use for energy applications is 10-13% of the global energy use. This shows that biomass is not a marginal energy resource but more than capable of meeting all our energy and food needs, provided it is used efficiently. The use of food in generating energy has been extensively debated, but there is actually no need for it given the comprehensive resources available from agriculture and forestry waste.

This book discusses the biomass resources available and aspects like efficient energy use. One way of using energy efficiently is to use waste biomass or cellulosic materials in biorefineries, where production of fibers and products from fibers is combined with production of most chemicals we need in our daily life. Such products include clothes, soap, perfume, medicines etc. Conventional pulp and paper applications, bio-fuel for vehicles and even fuel for aviation as well as heat and power production are covered. The problem with biomass is not availability, but the difficulty to use the resources efficiently without harming the long-term productivity. This book covers all types of resources on a global scale, making it unique. Many researchers from all over the world have contributed to give a good coverage of all the different international perspectives.

This book will provide facts and inspiration to professionals, engineers, researchers, and students as well as to those working for various authorities and organizations.

Author Notes

Erik Dahlquist is Professor in Energy Technology at Malardalen University (MDU) in Västerås, Sweden focussing on biomass utilization and process efficiency improvements. He started working at ASEA Research in 1975 as engineer in analytical chemistry related to nuclear power, troubleshooting of electrical equipment and manufacturing processes. In 1982 he started with energy technology within the pulp and paper industry and participated in the development of year-around fuel production from peat. In 1984 ASEA started a company ASEA Oil and Gas with a focus on off-shore production systems. One area was waste water treatment and separation of oil and water. He then became technical project manager for development of a Cross Flow Membrane filter. This led to the formation of ABB Membrane Filtration. The filter is now a commercial product at Finnish Metso Oy under the name Optifilter. As part of this development work he started as an industrial PhD student at KTH and received his doctorate in 1991. In 1989 he became project leader for ABB's Black Liquor Gasification project, which resulted in a number of patents. From 1992 to 1995 he was department manager for Combustion and Process Industry Technology at ABB Corporate Research. He was also at that time member of the board of directors for ABB Corporate Research in Sweden. From January 1996 to 2002 he was General Manager for the Product Responsible Unit "PulpApplications"worldwide within ABB Automation Systems. The product area was Advanced Control, Diagnostics, Optimization, Process Simulation and Special Sensors within the pulp and paper industry. During 1997-2000 he was part time adjunct professor at KTH and from 2000 to 2002 part time professor at MDU. He has been responsible for research in Environmental, Energy and Resource Optimization at MDU since 2000. During 2001-2007 he was first deputy dean and later dean of the faculty of Natural Science and Technology. He has been a member of the board of the Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute division for Process Control systems since 1999. He received the ABB Corporate Research Award 1989. He has been a member of the board of SIMS (Scandinavian Simulation and Modeling Society) since 2003 and deputy member of the board of Eurosim since 2009. He has been a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Applied Energy, Elsevier since 2007. He is also a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Engineering (IVA) since 2011. He has 21 (different) patents and approximately 170 scientific publications in refereed journals or conference proceedings with referee procedure to his name. He has published seven books, either as editor or author.

Reviews 1

Choice Review

This two-part volume discusses the worldwide distribution of biomass and details bioprocessing technologies via case studies. Part 1 is appropriate for general readers or students without a technical background; part 2 requires a significant organic chemistry/engineering background. The authors show that both the capacity and technology exist to regain the primacy of biomass for energy, fuels, and chemicals in a post-fossil-fuel economy. The authors suggest a future in which biomass is optimally managed to meet those needs, while alluding to the challenges. The chapter on aviation fuels is particularly comprehensive in its coverage of engineering/chemistry basics and algae/bio-oil production and processing. The chapter on the use of crops to produce ethanol is extremely detailed in processing data and life cycle analysis. Other chapters discuss wood and pulp/paper processing, and using microorganisms to transform organic wastes into useful chemicals. A common theme is that integrated facilities incorporating energy/fuels generation with the production of chemicals, paper, wood products, and foods while minimizing effluents is the only realistic economic model. As with many edited works, complexity varies between chapters; some sections contain grammatical/typographic errors that affected fluidity of reading and occasionally understanding. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and graduate students in environmental/social sciences, engineering, agriculture, or forest products programs; researchers/faculty; professionals/practitioners. B. Bero Northern Arizona University

Gustav MelinErik DahlquistErik Dahlquist and Jochen BundschuhTorbjörn A. LestanderRobert AulinSemida SilveiraErik Dahlquist and Jochen BundschuhEva Thorin and Thorsten Ahrens and Elias Hakalehto and Ari JääskeläinenErik Dahlquist and Jochen BundschuhStefan Backa and Martin Andresen and Trond RojahnDu Feng-Guang and Feng WenshengJinyue Yan and Muhammad Raza Naqvi and Erik DahlquistEmily NelsonErik Dahlquist and Jochen BundschuhElias Hakalehto and Ari Jääskeläinen and Tarmo Humppi and Lauri HeittoErik Dahlquist and Elias Hakalehto and Semida Silveira

About the book series	p. vii
Editorial board	p. ix
Contributors	p. xxvii
Foreword	p. xxix
Editor's Foreword	p. xxxi
About the editor	p. xxxiii
Acknowledgements	p. xxxv
Introduction	p. 1
Part I Biomass resources	p. 3
1 Introduction and context: global biomass resources - types of biomass, quantities and accessibility. Biomass from agriculture, forestry, energy crops and organic wastes	p. 5
1.1 Hard facts	p. 5
1.2 Crops used primarily for food	p. 8
1.2.1 Soybean	p. 8
1.2.2 Rice	p. 8
1.2.3 Wheat (Triticum spp.)	p. 9
1.2.4 Corn (Zea mays) and cassava	p. 9
1.2.5 Barley, rye and oats	p. 10
1.2.6 Oil crops	p. 10
1.2.7 Sugar cane	p. 10
1.3 Energy crops	p. 10
1.3.1 Switch grass	p. 11
1.3.2 Giant Kings Grass	p. 11
1.3.3 Hybrid poplar	p. 13
1.3.4 Other proposed energy crops	p. 14
1.3.5 Quorn	p. 14
1.4 Animalian biomass and algae	p. 15
1.4.1 Animalian food	p. 15
1.4.2 Algae	p. 17
1.5 Regional overviews	p. 18
1.5.1 EU27 - an overall energy balance	p. 18
1.5.2 China - today and in year 2050	p. 19
1.5.3 India	p. 23
1.5.4 USA	p. 24
1.5.5 Brazil	p. 26
1.5.6 Africa south of the Sahara	p. 27
1.6 Other regions	p. 27
1.7 Global perspective	p. 30
1.8 Questions for discussion	p. 31
2 Chemical composition of biomass	p. 35
2.1 Introduction	p. 35
2.1.1 A new biocarbon era	p. 35
2.1.2 The potential of biomass for energy conversion	p. 36
2.2 Major components of biomass	p. 38
2.2.1 Water in biomass	p. 39
2.2.2 Dry matter content	p. 40
2.3 Organic matter	p. 40
2.3.1 Cellulose	p. 41
2.3.2 Hemicellulose	p. 41
2.3.3 Lignin	p. 42
2.3.4 Extractives	p. 42
2.3.5 Sugars	p. 42
2.3.6 Starch	p. 43
2.3.7 Proteins	p. 43
2.4 Inorganic substances	p. 43
2.5 Energy content	p. 46
2.6 Chemical compounds and biomass processing	p. 48
2.6.1 Drying	p. 48
2.6.2 Wet processing	p. 49
2.6.3 Health aspects	p. 49
2.6.4 Bulk handling	p. 50
2.6.5 Heat treatment of biomass	p. 51
2.7 Conclusion	p. 53
2.8 Questions for discussion	p. 54
3 Characterization of biomass using instruments - Measurement of forest and crop residues	p. 57
3.1 Introduction	p. 57
3.2 Quality aspects and sources of variation	p. 57
3.2.1 Volume, weight and moisture content	p. 57
3.2.2 Calorific value	p. 58
3.2.3 Other parameters	p. 58
3.3 The fuel chain and its impact on the moisture content	p. 59
3.3.1 The fuel chain	p. 59
3.3.2 Sources of variation in moisture content	p. 59
3.3.2.1 The forest	p. 59
3.3.2.2 Terminal storage	p. 59
3.3.2.3 Transport	p. 61
3.3.2.4 Site storage and fuel handling	p. 61
3.4 Moisture measurement	p. 61
3.4.1 Gravimetric moisture measurement	p. 61
3.4.1.1 The gravimetric method	p. 61
3.4.1.2 Sampling	p. 62
3.4.1.3 Practical illustration	p. 63
3.4.2 Instrumental methods	p. 63
3.4.2.1 Introduction	p. 63
3.4.2.2 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR)	p. 64
3.4.2.3 Microwave spectroscopy (RF)	p. 65
3.4.2.4 X-ray spectroscopy	p. 65
3.4.2.5 Method selection	p. 67
3.5 Practical applications for moisture data	p. 67
3.5.1 Real-time measurement	p. 67
3.5.2 Price settlement	p. 67
3.5.3 Logistics	p. 68
3.5.4 Fuel mixing	p. 68
3.5.5 Boiler control	p. 68
3.6 Future perspectives	p. 68
4 Bioenergy in Brazil - from traditional to modern systems	p. 71
4.1 From developing country to leading economy	p. 71
4.2 From traditional fuelwood to multiple bioenergy systems	p. 72
4.3 Forest-based biomass in Brazil	p. 74
4.3.1 Fuel wood and charcoal - traditional uses of biomass in Brazil	p. 77
4.4 Biofuels for transport	p. 79
4.4.1 The development of modern bioethanol production	p. 79
4.4.2 The development of biodiesel production	p. 81
4.5 Bioenergy - opportunities for sustainable development	p. 83
5 Biomass in different biotopes - an extensive resource	p. 87
5.1 Bioenergy in northern Europe	p. 87
5.1.1 Different biotopes	p. 88
5.2 Bioenergy in southern Europe	p. 94
5.3 Biomass in the tropics	p. 104
5.4 Questions for discussions	p. 106
6 Organic waste as a biomass resource	p. 109
6.1 Introduction	p. 109
6.2 Pre-treatment	p. 109
6.2.1 Examples of pre-treatment	p. 111
6.3 Biogas production	p. 112
6.3.1 Basics of the biogas process	p. 112
6.3.2 Technical background for waste-to-biogas utilization strategies	p. 113
6.3.3 Results from waste digestion	p. 114
6.3.4 Example for a local implementation strategy	p. 117
6.4 Combustion of waste	p. 118
6.4.1 Technical background	p. 118
6.4.2 Examples of combustion of waste	p. 118
6.4.3 Development considerations	p. 120
6.5 Examples of use of organic waste in other conversion processes	p. 120
6.5.1 Ethanol and butanol from organic waste	p. 120
6.5.2 Hydrothermal carbonization of organic waste fractions	p. 122
6.5.2.1 HTC reactions	p. 122
6.5.2.2 Substrates	p. 122
6.5.2.3 HTC of a selected biowaste substrate	p. 123
6.5.3 Pyrolysis and gasification of organic waste	p. 127
6.6 Questions for discussion	p. 129
Part II Systems utilizing biomass - system optimization	p. 135
7 System aspects of biomass use in complex applications: biorefineries for production of heat, electric power and chemicals	p. 137
7.1 Traditional use of wood	p. 137
7.2 Use of waste and wood for chemicals	p. 137
7.3 Use of herbs for medical and other applications	p. 138
8 Biorefineries using wood for production of speciality cellulose fibers, lignosulfonates, vanillin, bioethanol and biogas - the Borregaard Sarpsborg example	p. 141
8.1 Introduction	p. 141
8.2 The borregaard sarpsborg biorefinery of today	p. 144
8.2.1 Lignocellulosic crops and residues	p. 145
8.2.2 Biomaterials, specialty celluloses	p. 145
8.2.3 Bioethanol	p. 145
8.2.4 Biomaterials, lignosulfonates	p. 146
8.2.5 Food/chemicals, vanillin	p. 147
8.3 Energy	p. 147
8.4 Environment	p. 147
8.5 The future	p. 143
8.6 Conclusion	p. 149
9 Biorefineries using crops for production of ethanol, biogas and chemicals - a large-scale demonstration in Nanyang, Henan province, China of the bio-ethanol industry under Tianguan recycling economic mode	p. 151
9.1 Introduction	p. 151
9.2 Domestic and international background and conditions related this case study	p. 151
9.3 Qualitative analysis of the case study	p. 152
9.3.1 The scope of the case study	p. 152
9.3.2 Description of the basic characteristics of the case study	p. 152
9.3.3 The recycling economic diagram and its analysis of this case	p. 153
9.4 Quantitative analysis of this case study	p. 154
9.4.1 Changes in four major indicator systems	p. 154
9.5 Energy flow analysis	p. 155
9.5.1 The diagram of system general material flow	p. 156
9.6 General material flow analysis	p. 157
9.6.1 Analysis of systems group diversion	p. 158
9.7 System improvements	p. 160
9.8 Conclusion	p. 160
10 Bioenergy polygeneration, carbon capture and storage related to the pulp and paper industry and power plants	p. 163
10.1 Introduction	p. 153
10.2 Biorefinery systems in the pulp industry	p. 165
10.2.1 Black liquor gasification (BLG) based biofuel production	p. 165
10.2.2 Black liquor gasification-based power generation	p. 166
10.3 Biofuel upgrading with pellet production	p. 166
10.4 Performance and sustainability analysis	p. 168
10.4.1 Performance of BLG-based biofuel production	p. 168
10.4.2 Performance of BLG-based electricity generation	p. 171
10.4.3 Performance of pellet production system	p. 171
10.5 Bioenergy systems and CCS potential	p. 172
10.5.1 BLG systems with CCS	p. 173
10.6 Conclusions	p. 174
11 Biofuels and green aviation	p. 177
11.1 Introduction	p. 177
11.2 Aviation fuel requirements	p. 180
11.2.1 Jet fuel specifications	p. 180
11.2.2 Alternative jet fuel specifications	p. 188
11.3 Fuel properties	p. 190
11.3.1 Effect of composition on fuel properties	p. 190
11.3.2 Emissions	p. 200
11.4 Biofuel feedstocks for aviation fuels	p. 201
11.4.1 Crop production for oil from seeds	p. 201
11.4.2 Crop production for oil from algae	p. 204
11.5 Manufacturing stages	p. 208
11.5.1 Dewatering, crude oil extraction and pre-processing	p. 209
11.5.2 Transesterification	p. 210
11.5.3 Hydroprocessing	p. 212
11.5.4 Other strategies	p. 213
11.5.5 Co-products	p. 213
11.6 Life cycle assessment	p. 214
11.7 Conclusions	p. 218
12 Pulp and paper industry - trends for the future	p. 229
13 Biorefineries using waste - production of energy and chemicals from biomasses by micro-organisms	p. 235
13.1 Introduction	p. 235
13.2 Sustainable production of fuels and chemicals from wastes and other biomasses	p. 236
13.2.1 Circulation of matter and chemical energy in microbiological processes	p. 236
13.3 Replacing fossil fuels by the biomasses as raw materials	p. 236
13.4 Microbes carry out the reactions with energetically feasible biocatalysis	p. 238
13.4.1 Ecological thinking based on understanding microscopic interactions	p. 238
13.4.2 Air and water pollution diminished by natural processes	p. 239
13.5 Transport of fuels and chemicals less abundant and risky when local sources are exploited	p. 239
13.6 Beneficial impact on the socio-economic structures of the new, small or medium sized bioindustries	p. 240
13.7 Biomass and raw materials	p. 241
13.7.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules	p. 242
13.7.2 Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin	p. 242
13.7.3 Starch and other saccharides from food industry by-streams and agriculture	p. 243
13.7.4 Industrial waste biomasses	p. 243
13.7.5 Municipal waste and waste water utilization	p. 245
13.7.6 Removal of harmful substances	p. 247
13.8 Fermentation processes and bioreactor design revolutionized	p. 248
13.8.1 Increased productivity lowers the cost of bioreactor construction and downstream processes	p. 248
13.8.2 PMEU (Portable Microbe Enrichment Unit) used for process simulation	p. 248
13.8.3 Anaerobiosis made efficient	p. 249
13.8.4 Some exploitable biochemical pathways of bacteria and other microbes	p. 250
13.8.5 Mixed cultures in bioengineering	p. 251
13.8.6 Novel principles for the planning of unit operations for bulk production	p. 251
13.9 Thermophilic processes	p. 253
13.10 Volatile products	p. 254
13.11 Differences between chemical technologies and biotechnical process solutions	p. 255
13.12 Biorefinery concept evaluation	p. 255
13.12.1 New ideas on materials: all process wastes serve as raw materials in nature	p. 255
13.12.2 Multiple uses of the production equipment	p. 256
13.12.3 Plant nutrition and agriculture connected with bioindustries	p. 256
13.12.4 Local products of microbial metabolism with global impacts	p. 257
13.13 Conclusions	p. 258
14 Concluding remarks and perspectives on the future of energy systems using biomass	p. 263
Subject index	p. 267

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Author Notes

Reviews 1

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