Inorganic nanoprobes for biological sensing and imaging

This groundbreaking resource offers you an up-to-date account of the pioneering activity pushing new boundaries in the emerging area of inorganic nanoprobes and their use in biology and medicine. Written and edited by leading experts in the field, this unique book places particular emphasis nanoprobes made of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots or QDs) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). You find an insightful discussion on the synthesis, characterization, and analysis of the unique properties of luminescent QDs and MNPs. Moreover, this in-depth volume covers assay design and detection, including discussions on the design and implementation of in vitro assay studies using both fluorescence emission and magnetic contast. You also learn how to use luminescent QDs to design fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) investigations. Further, this cutting-edge book looks at the use of QDs and magnetic nanoparticles for live cell imaging and intracellular sensing. You gain a thorough understanding of membrane labeling, means of delivery QD and MNP Cargos inside live cells, the use of infrared emitting QDs for tissue imaging, deep tissue imaging with MNPs based on magnetic contrast, and toxicity issues associated with the use of inorganic probes to live cells and tissue.

Chapter 1 Colloidal Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Biofunctionalization Strategies	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Chemistry and Physics of Semiconductor Quantum Dots	p. 2
1.2.1 Basic Physical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots	p. 2
1.2.2 Synthesis, Characterization, and Capping Strategies	p. 4
1.3 Strategies for Surface-Functionalization and Conjugation to Biomolecules	p. 13
1.3.1 Water-Solubilization Strategies	p. 13
1.3.2 Methods for Conjugating QDs with Biomolecular Receptors	p. 18
1.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook	p. 19
Acknowledgments	p. 20
References	p. 21
Chapter 2 Colloidal Chemical Synthesis of Organic-Dispersible Uniform Magnetic Nanoparticles	p. 27
2.1 Magnetism of Nanoparticles	p. 27
2.2 Transition Metal Nanoparticles	p. 30
2.2.1 Cobalt Nanoparticles	p. 30
2.2.2 Iron and Nickel Nanoparticles	p. 32
2.3 Metal Alloy Nanoparticles	p. 33
2.3.1 FePt Nanoparticles	p. 33
2.3.2 Other Metal Alloy Nanoparticles	p. 34
2.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles	p. 35
2.4.1 Monometallic Oxide Nanoparticles	p. 35
2.4.2 Bimetallic Ferrite Nanoparticles	p. 38
2.5 Representative Synthetic Procedures for Magnetic Nanoparticles	p. 39
2.5.1 Iron Nanoparticles	p. 39
2.5.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles	p. 40
References	p. 41
Chapter 3 Peptide-Functionalized Quantum Dots for Live Diagnostic Imaging and Therapeutic Applications	p. 45
3.1 Introduction	p. 45
3.2 Phytochelatin Peptides: The All-in-One Solubilization/Functionalization Approach	p. 47
3.3 Colloidal and Photophysical Properties of Peptide-Coated Qdots	p. 50
3.4 Live Cell Dynamic Imaging	p. 52
3.4.1 Single-Particle Tracking of Cell-Surface Membrane Receptors	p. 52
3.4.2 Peptide-Mediated Intracellular Delivery and Targeting of Qdots	p. 54
3.5 Live Animal Imaging	p. 55
3.5.1 Near-Infrared Deep-Tissue Dual-Modality Imaging	p. 56
3.5.2 In Vivo Targeting of Tumor Vasculature	p. 57
3.6 Beyond Diagnostic Imaging: Sensing and Therapeutic Applications	p. 59
3.6.1 Cleavable Peptides for Proteases Activity	p. 59
3.6.2 Photodynamic Therapy	p. 61
3.7 Conclusion and Perspectives	p. 63
Acknowledgments	p. 64
References	p. 64
Chapter 4 Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Sensing Using Quantum Dot Bioconjugates	p. 71
4.1 Introduction and Background	p. 71
4.2 Unique Attributes of Quantum Dots As FRET Donors	p. 73
4.2.1 Improving the Spectral Overlap by Tuning QD Emission	p. 73
4.2.2 Significant Reduction of Direct Excitation of the Acceptor	p. 74
4.2.3 Increase FRET Efficiency by Arraying Multiple Acceptors around a Single QD	p. 74
4.2.4 Achieving Multiplex FRET Configurations with One Excitation Source	p. 76
4.2.5 Multiphoton FRET Configurations	p. 77
4.3 FRET-Based Biosensing with Quantum Dots	p. 79
4.3.1 Competitive Sensing Using QD-Protein Conjugates	p. 79
4.3.2 Sensing Enzymatic Activity Using QD-Peptide and QD-Oligonucleotide Substrates	p. 82
4.3.3 Detection of Hybridization Using QD-Nucleic Acid Conjugates	p. 85
4.3.4 pH and Ion Sensing	p. 88
4.4 Quantum Dots As Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy	p. 91
4.5 Special Sensing Configurations	p. 93
4.6 Conclusions and Outlook	p. 96
Acknowledgments	p. 97
References	p. 97
Chapter 5 Use of Luminescent Quantum Dots to Image and Initiate Biological Functions	p. 101
5.1 Introduction	p. 101
5.2 Multivalency Allows Multifunctionality	p. 103
5.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers and Qds As Tools for Imaging	p. 109
5.4 Conclusions	p. 110
Acknowledgments	p. 111
References	p. 111
Chapter 6 Single Particle Investigation of Biological Processes Using QD-Bioconjugates	p. 115
6.1 Introduction	p. 115
6.2 Physical Properties of Single QDs	p. 116
6.3 In Vitro Detection of Biomolecular Interactions Using Single QD Fluorescence	p. 116
6.3.1 Detection of Biomolecules Using Multicolor Colocalization of QD Probes	p. 117
6.3.2 Colocalization Studies Using Streptavidin-Coupled QD-Dye Pairs	p. 119
6.3.3 Fluorescence Energy Transfer from Single QD to Organic Fluorophores	p. 119
6.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Tracking of Protein Using Single QDs	p. 124
6.4.1 In Vitro Detection of Kinesin and Myosin Motor Movement	p. 124
6.4.2 Tracking of Protein Receptors in Live Cells	p. 126
6.5 Conclusion	p. 129
Acknowledgments	p. 129
References	p. 130
Chapter 7 Assessment of the Issues Related to the Toxicity of Quantum Dots	p. 133
7.1 Introduction	p. 133
7.2 General Considerations	p. 134
7.2.1 Routes of Exposure	p. 134
7.2.2 Mechanisms of Cellular Internalization of QDs	p. 135
7.2.3 Detection of QD-Induced Cytotoxicity	p. 136
7.3 Mechanisms of Quantum Dots Cytotoxicity	p. 138
7.3.1 Release of Toxic Metal Ions	p. 138
7.3.2 Effects of Capping Materials on Cytotoxicity	p. 140
7.3.3 Effects of QD Size on Cytotoxicity	p. 141
7.3.4 Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species on Cytotoxicity	p. 142
7.3.5 Effects of QDs on Genomic DNA	p. 147
7.4 Bioaccumulation and Clearance of QDs	p. 150
7.5 Outlook	p. 153
Acknowledgments	p. 154
References	p. 154
Chapter 8 Chemical and Biological Sensing Based on Gold Nanoparticles	p. 161
8.1 Introduction	p. 161
8.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles	p. 162
8.3 Physical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles	p. 164
8.4 Colorimetric Sensing	p. 165
8.4.1 Colorimetric Detection of Metal Ions and Anions	p. 166
8.4.2 Colorimetric Detection of Biomaterials	p. 167
8.5 Fluorescence Sensing	p. 170
8.6 Electrical and Electrochemical Sensing	p. 172
8.7 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Sensing	p. 179
8.8 Gold Nanoparticle-Amplified SPR Sensing	p. 180
8.9 Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Sensing	p. 181
8.10 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Bio-Barcode Assay	p. 182
8.11 Concluding Remarks	p. 183
Acknowledgments	p. 185
References	p. 185
Chapter 9 Plasmon-Resonant Gold Nanorods: Photophysical Properties Applied Toward Biological Imaging and Therapy	p. 197
9.1 Introduction	p. 197
9.2 Synthesis	p. 198
9.3 Optical Properties	p. 200
9.3.1 Absorption	p. 200
9.3.2 Plasmon-Resonant Scattering	p. 202
9.3.3 Linear Photoluminescence	p. 202
9.3.4 Nonlinear Optical Properties	p. 203
9.3.5 Other Optical Properties	p. 205
9.4 Surface Chemistry and Biocompatibility	p. 206
9.4.1 Bioconjugation Methods	p. 206
9.4.2 Cytotoxicity and Nonspecific Cell Uptake	p. 208
9.5 Biological Applications of Gold Nanorods	p. 209
9.5.1 Contrast Agents for Imaging	p. 209
9.5.2 Photothermal Therapy	p. 213
9.5.3 Ex Vivo Bioanalytical Applications	p. 215
9.6 Outlook	p. 217
References	p. 218
Chapter 10 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications	p. 235
10.1 Introduction	p. 235
10.2 Nanoscale Magnetic Properties	p. 235
10.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Contrast Agent	p. 237
10.4 Magnetic Separation	p. 241
10.5 Magnetic Drug Delivery	p. 245
10.6 Conclusions	p. 247
References	p. 247
Chapter 11 Magnetic Nanoparticles-Assisted Cellular MR Imaging and Their Biomedical Applications	p. 251
11.1 Introduction	p. 251
11.2 Characterization of MRI Contrast Agents or Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Cell Labeling for CMRI	p. 252
11.2.1 Paramagnetic Agents	p. 252
11.2.2 Superparamagnetic Agents	p. 253
11.3 Methods for Labeling Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles for CMRI	p. 256
11.3.1 Endocytosis of Contrast Agents	p. 256
11.3.2 Modified Nanoparticles for Cell Labeling	p. 257
11.3.3 Transfection Agent Mediated Cell Labeling	p. 260
11.3.4 Other Methods of Cell Labeling	p. 260
11.4 Methods to Monitor the Functional Status of Labeled Cells or Toxicity Following Labeling	p. 261
11.4.1 Determination of Cell Viability	p. 262
11.4.2 Determination of Cell Function	p. 263
11.4.3 Determination of Cell Differentiation Capacity	p. 263
11.5 MRI Techniques to Detect Cells Labeled with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxides	p. 263
11.6 Animal Studies That Have Utilized CMRI	p. 265
11.6.1 Stem Cell Tracking	p. 265
11.6.2 Intracranial Tumor Studies	p. 265
11.6.3 Tumor Angiogenesis	p. 266
11.6.4 Stroke and Trauma Models	p. 268
11.6.5 Myocardial Infarction and Vascular Models	p. 269
11.6.6 Models of Multiple Sclerosis	p. 272
11.7 Translation to the Clinic	p. 273
11.7.1 Human Studies	p. 273
11.7.2 Regulatory Issues	p. 274
References	p. 276
About the Editors	p. 289
List of Contributors	p. 290
Index	p. 293

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