Nanotechnology : the whole story

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... Perpustakaan Raja Zarith Sofiah	35000000000154	T174.7 R634 2013	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
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Winner of an Outstanding Academic Title Award from CHOICE Magazine

Transistors using one electron at a time. Seemingly transparent sunscreens made with titanium dioxide particles that block harmful UV rays. Nanometer-sized specks of gold that change color to red and melt at 750°C instead of 1,064°C. Nanotechnology finds the unique properties of things at the nanometer scale and then puts them to use!

Although nanotechnology is a hot topic with a wide range of fascinating applications, the search for a true introductory popular resource usually comes up cold. Closer to a popular science book than a high-level treatise, Nanotechnology: The Whole Story works from the ground up to provide a detailed yet accessible introduction to one of the world's fastest growing fields.

Dive headlong into nanotechnology! Tackling the eight main disciplines--nanomaterials, nanomechanics, nanoelectronics, nanoscale heat transfer, nanophotonics, nanoscale fluid mechanics, nanobiotechnology, and nanomedicine--this book explains what's different at the nanoscale, and how we exploit those differences to make useful things. You're holding the key to an exciting and rapidly evolving field.

So get The Whole Story ...

Author Notes

Ben Rogers is a writer and an engineer (BS 2001; MS 2002, University of Nevada, Reno). He has done research at Nanogen, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and published many technical papers, as well as fictional works and essays (which can be found at http://www.readrogers.com). He is currently the principal engineer at NevadaNano.

Jesse Adams (BS 1996, University of Nevada; MS 1997 and PhD 2001, Stanford University) is the vice president and CTO of NevadaNano. He is working to bring multifunctional microsensor technology to the chemical sensing market space.

Sumita Pennathur is currently an associate professor of mechanical engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara (BS 2000, MS 2001, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; PhD 2005, Stanford University). She has been actively contributing to the fields of nanofluidics and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), and was awarded both a Presidential Early Career Award for Science and Engineering (PECASE) in 2011, and well as a DARPA Young Faculty Award in 2008.

Reviews 1

Choice Review

This book by Rogers and Adams (both, NevadaNano) and Pennathur (Univ. of California, Santa Barbara) is an excellent resource for anyone interested in nanotechnology. The text is well structured and easy to read. Each chapter starts with a brief "Background" section, which introduces a specific topic. Related historical facts are frequently included. Individual subchapters are hardly longer than a page or two. Mixed within those sections are paragraphs titled "A Little More," which provide (calculation) examples for specific concepts. The chapters do not deal with highly futuristic subjects like nanorobots as do other books on nanotechnology, but instead emphasize explaining scientific concepts that are already being applied in nanotechnology in areas such as biotechnology, medicine, electronics, and physics. The examples provided throughout the text will help readers get a realistic feeling for when and how these "nano effects" are to be expected. A list of reading suggestions follows each chapter. Very simple pictures illustrate the concepts, so even undergraduate students will be able to understand them. Graduate students will find enough detail to provide them with ideas for further investigation and a deeper understanding of the field. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Students of all levels, researchers/faculty, and professionals. H. Giesche Alfred University

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
An Invitation	p. xvi
Authors	p. xvii
1 Big Picture of the Small World	p. 1
1.1 Understanding the Atom: Ex Nihilo Nihil Fit	p. 3
1.2 Nanotechnology Starts with a Dare: Feynman's Big Little Challenges	p. 11
1.3 Why One-Billionth of a Meter Is a Big Deal	p. 15
1.4 Thinking It Through: The Broad Implications of Nanotechnology	p. 18
1.4.1 Gray Goo	p. 21
1.4.2 Environmental Impact	p. 21
1.4.3 The Written Word	p. 23
1.5 The Business of Nanotech: Plenty of Room at the Bottom Line, Too	p. 25
1.5.1 Products	p. 27
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 27
2 Introduction to Miniaturization	p. 29
2.1 Background: The Smaller, the Better	p. 29
2.2 Scaling Laws	p. 30
2.2.1 The Elephant and the Flea	p. 30
2.2.2 Scaling in Mechanics	p. 34
2.2.3 Scaling in Electricity and Electromagnetism	p. 37
2.2.4 Scaling in Optics	p. 38
2.2.5 Scaling in Heat Transfer	p. 41
2.2.6 Scaling in Fluids	p. 42
2.2.7 Scaling in Biology	p. 43
2.3 Accuracy of the Scaling Laws	p. 44
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 46
3 Introduction to Nanoscale Physics	p. 47
3.1 Background: Newton Never Saw a Nanotube	p. 47
3.2 One Hundred Hours and Eight Minutes of Nanoscale Physics	p. 47
3.3 The Basics of Quantum Mechanics	p. 48
3.3.1 Atomic Orbitals (Not Orbits)	p. 49
3.3.2 Electromagnetic Waves	p. 52
3.3.2.1 How Electromagnetic Waves Are Made	p. 56
3.3.3 The Quantization of Energy	p. 57
3.3.4 Atomic Spectra and Discreteness	p. 61
3.3.5 The Photoelectric Effect	p. 61
3.3.6 Wave-Particle Duality: The Double-Slit Experiment	p. 66
3.3.6.1 Bullets	p. 67
3.3.6.2 Water Waves	p. 68
3.3.6.3 Electrons	p. 69
3.3.7 The Uncertainty Principle	p. 71
3.3.8 Particle in a Well	p. 73
3.4 Summary	p. 76
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 77
4 Nanomaterials	p. 79
4.1 Background: Matter Matters	p. 79
4.2 Bonding Atoms to Make Molecules and Solids	p. 79
4.2.1 Ionic Bonding	p. 81
4.2.2 Covalent Bonding	p. 83
4.2.3 Metallic Bonding	p. 84
4.2.4 Walking through Waals: van der Waals Forces	p. 84
4.2.4.1 The Dispersion Force	p. 86
4.2.4.2 Repulsive Forces	p. 87
4.2.4.3 van der Waals Force versus Gravity	p. 88
4.3 Crystal Structures	p. 90
4.4 Structures Small Enough to Be Different (and Useful)	p. 92
4.4.1 Particles	p. 93
4.4.1.1 Colloidal Particles	p. 98
4.4.2 Wires	p. 98
4.4.3 Films, Layers, and Coatings	p. 100
4.4.4 Porous Materials	p. 103
4.4.5 Small-Grained Materials	p. 105
4.4.6 Molecules	p. 108
4.4.6.1 Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes	p. 109
4.4.6.2 Dendrimers	p. 115
4.4.6.3 Micelles	p. 115
4.5 Summary	p. 118
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 119
5 Nanomechanics	p. 121
5.1 Background: The Universe Mechanism	p. 121
5.1.1 Nanomechanics: Which Motions and Forces Make the Cut?	p. 122
5.2 A High-Speed Review of Motion: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, and Force	p. 123
5.3 Nanomechanical Oscillators: A Tale of Beams and Atoms	p. 125
5.3.1 Beams	p. 126
5.3.1.1 Free Oscillation	p. 126
5.3.1.2 Free Oscillation from the Perspective of Energy (and Probability)	p. 129
5.3.1.3 Forced Oscillation	p. 132
5.3.2 Atoms	p. 134
5.3.2.1 The Lennard-Jones Interaction: How an Atomic Bond Is Like a Spring	p. 135
5.3.2.2 The Quantum Mechanics of Oscillating Atoms	p. 139
5.3.2.3 The Schrödinger Equation and the Correspondence Principle	p. 141
5.3.2.4 Phonons	p. 146
5.3.3 Nanomechanical Oscillator Applications	p. 150
5.3.3.1 Nanomechanical Memory Elements	p. 150
5.3.3.2 Nanomechanical Mass Sensors: Detecting Low Concentrations	p. 153
5.4 Feeling Faint Forces	p. 157
5.4.1 Scanning Probe Microscopes	p. 158
5.4.1.1 Pushing Atoms Around with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope	p. 158
5.4.1.2 Skimming across Atoms with the Atomic Force Microscope	p. 159
5.4.1.3 Pulling Atoms Apart with the AFM	p. 164
5.4.1.4 Rubbing and Mashing Atoms with the AFM	p. 168
5.4.2 Mechanical Chemistry: Detecting Molecules with Bending Beams	p. 170
5.5 Summary	p. 172
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 173
6 Nanoelectronics	p. 175
6.1 Background: The Problem (Opportunity)	p. 175
6.2 Electron Energy Bands	p. 175
6.3 Electrons in Solids: Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors	p. 179
6.4 Fermi Energy	p. 182
6.5 Density of States for Solids 185 6.5.1 Electron Density in a Conductor	p. 186
6.6 Turn Down the Volume! (How to Make a Solid Act More Like an Atom)	p. 186
6.7 Quantum Confinement	p. 187
6.7.1 Quantum Structures	p. 189
6.7.1.1 Uses for Quantum Structures	p. 191
6.7.2 How Small Is Small Enough for Confinement?	p. 192
6.7.2.1 Conductors: The Metal-to-Insulator Transition	p. 193
6.7.2.2 Semiconductors: Confining Excitons	p. 194
6.7.3 The Band Gap of Nanomaterials	p. 196
6.8 Tunneling	p. 198
6.9 Single-Electron Phenomena	p. 202
6.9.1 Two Rules for Keeping the Quantum in Quantum Dot	p. 205
6.9.1.1 Rule 1: The Coulomb Blockade	p. 206
6.9.1.2 Rule 2: Overcoming Uncertainty	p. 207
6.9.2 Single-Electron Transistor (SET)	p. 208
6.10 Molecular Electronics	p. 211
6.10.1 Molecular Switches and Memory Storage	p. 215
6.11 Summary	p. 216
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 216
7 Nanoscale Heat Transfer	p. 219
7.1 Background: Hot Topic	p. 219
7.2 All Heat Is Nanoscale Heat	p. 219
7.2.1 Boltzmann's Constant	p. 220
7.3 Conduction	p. 221
7.3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Nanoscale Structures	p. 224
7.3.1.1 Mean Free Path and Scattering of Heat Carriers	p. 224
7.3.1.2 Thermoelectrics: Better Energy Conversion with Nanostructures	p. 227
7.3.1.3 Quantum of Thermal Conduction	p. 229
7.4 Convection	p. 230
7.5 Radiation	p. 232
7.5.1 Increased Radiation Heat Transfer: Mind the Gap!	p. 232
7.6 Summary	p. 235
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 236
8 Nanophotonics	p. 237
8.1 Background: The Lycurgus Cup and the Birth of the Photon	p. 237
8.2 Photonic Properties of Nanomaterials	p. 238
8.2.1 Photon Absorption	p. 238
8.2.2 Photon Emission	p. 240
8.2.3 Photon Scattering	p. 240
8.2.4 Metals	p. 241
8.2.4.1 Permittivity and the Free Electron Plasma	p. 243
8.2.4.2 Extinction Coefficient of Metal Particles	p. 244
8.2.4.3 Colors and Uses of Gold and Silver Particles	p. 247
8.2.5 Semiconductors	p. 249
8.2.5.1 Tuning the Band Gap of Nanoscale Semiconductors	p. 249
8.2.5.2 Colors and Uses of Quantum Dots	p. 251
8.2.5.3 Lasers Based on Quantum Confinement	p. 254
8.3 Near-Field Light	p. 256
8.3.1 Limits of Light: Conventional Optics	p. 257
8.3.2 Near-Field Optical Microscopes	p. 259
8.4 Optical Tweezers	p. 262
8.5 Photonic Crystals: A Band Gap for Photons	p. 263
8.6 Summary	p. 264
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 265
9 Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics	p. 267
9.1 Background: Becoming Fluent in Fluids	p. 267
9.1.1 Treating a Fluid the Way It Should Be Treated: The Concept of a Continuum	p. 267
9.1.1.1 Fluid Motion, Continuum Style: The Navier-Stokes Equations	p. 269
9.1.1.2 Fluid Motion: Molecular Dynamics Style	p. 270
9.2 Fluids at the Nanoscale: Major Concepts	p. 272
9.2.1 Swimming in Molasses: Life at Low Reynolds Numbers	p. 272
9.2.1.1 Reynolds Number	p. 273
9.2.2 Surface Charges and the Electrical Double Layer	p. 275
9.2.2.1 Surface Charges at Interfaces	p. 276
9.2.2.2 Gouy-Chapman-Stern Model and Electrical Double Layer	p. 276
9.2.2.3 Electrokinetic Phenomena	p. 279
9.2.3 Small Particles in Small Flows: Molecular Diffusion	p. 279
9.3 How Fluids Flow at the Nanoscale	p. 282
9.3.1 Electroosmosis	p. 282
9.3.2 Ions and Macromolecales Moving through a Channel	p. 283
9.3.2.1 The Convection-Diffusion-Electromigration Equation: Nanochannel Electrophoresis	p. 286
9.3.2.2 Macromolecules in a Nanofluidic Channel	p. 290
9.4 Applications of Nanofluidics	p. 290
9.4.1 Analysis of Biomolecules: An End to Painful Doctor Visits?	p. 291
9.4.2 EO Pumps: Cooling Off Computer Chips	p. 293
9.4.3 Other Applications	p. 293
9.5 Summary	p. 293
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 295
10 Nanobiotechnology	p. 297
10.1 Background: Our World in a Cell	p. 297
10.2 Introduction: How Biology Feels at the Nanometer Scale	p. 299
10.2.1 Biological Shapes at the Nanoscale: Carbon and Water Are the Essential Tools	p. 299
10.2.2 Inertia and Gravity Are Insignificant: The Swimming Bacterium	p. 301
10.2.3 Random Thermal Motion	p. 302
10.3 The Machinery of the Cell	p. 305
10.3.1 Sugars Are Used for Energy (but Also Structure)	p. 306
10.3.1.1 Glucose	p. 307
10.3.2 Fatty Acids Are Used for Structure (but Also Energy)	p. 310
10.3.2.1 Phospholipids	p. 312
10.3.3 Nucleotides Are Used to Store Information and Carry Chemical Energy	p. 315
10.3.3.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid	p. 315
10.3.3.2 Adenosine Triphosphate	p. 320
10.3.4 Amino Acids Are Used to Make Proteins	p. 323
10.3.4.1 ATP Synthase	p. 324
10.4 Applications of Nanobiotechnology	p. 327
10.4.1 Biomimetic Nanostructures	p. 328
10.4.2 Molecular Motors	p. 328
10.5 Summary	p. 329
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 330
11 Nanomedicine	p. 331
11.1 What Is Nanomedicine?	p. 331
11.2 Medical Nanoparticles	p. 332
11.2.1 Nanoshells	p. 332
11.2.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles	p. 335
11.2.3 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles	p. 337
11.2.4 Drug Delivery Using Nanoparticles	p. 337
11.3 Nanomedicine and Cancer	p. 338
11.4 Biomimicry in Nanomedicine	p. 340
11.5 Potential Toxicity	p. 344
11.6 Environmental Concerns	p. 345
11.7 Ethical Implications	p. 346
11.8 Commercial Exploration	p. 346
11.9 Summary	p. 347
Recommendations for Further Reading	p. 347
Glossary	p. 349
Index	p. 365

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