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Summary
Summary
A revolution is occurring in science and technology, based on the recently developed ability to measure, manipulate and organize matter on the nanoscale - 1 to 100 billionths of a meter. At the nanoscale, physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering converge toward the same principles and tools. As a result, progress in nanoscience will have very far-reaching impact. The nanoscale is not just another step toward miniaturization, but a qualitatively new scale. The new behavior is dominated by quantum mechanics, material confinement in small structures, large interfacial volume fraction, and other unique properties, phenomena and processes. Many current theories of matter at the microscale have critical lengths of nanometer dimensions. These theories will be inadequate to describe the new phenomena at the nanoscale. As knowledge in nanoscience increases worldwide, there will likely be fundamental scientific advances. In tum, this will lead to dramatic changes in the ways materials, devices, and systems are understood and created. Innovative nanoscale properties and functions will be achieved through the control of matter at its building blocks: atom-by-atom, molecule-by molecule, and nanostructure-by-nanostructure. Nanotechnology will include the integration of these nanoscale structures into larger material components, systems, and architectures. However, within these larger scale systems the control and construction will remain at the nanoscale.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary | p. v |
1. Introduction | p. 1 |
National Nanotechnology Initiative | p. 2 |
NSET Workshop on "Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology" | p. 2 |
2. Nanotechnology Goals | p. 3 |
Knowledge and Scientific Understanding of Nature | p. 5 |
Industrial Manufacturing, Materials and Products | p. 6 |
Medicine and the Human Body | p. 7 |
Sustainability: Agriculture, Water, Energy, Materials, and Clean Environment | p. 8 |
Space Exploration | p. 10 |
National Security | p. 10 |
Moving into the Market | p. 11 |
3. Nanotechnology and Societal Interactions | p. 12 |
The Interactive Process of Innovation and Diffusion | p. 12 |
Unintended and Second-order Consequences | p. 13 |
Ethical Issues and Public Involvement in Decision Making | p. 15 |
Education of Nanoscientists, Nanotechnologists, and Nanofabrication Technicians | p. 16 |
Education of Social Scientists | p. 17 |
4. Social Science Approaches for Assessing Nanotechnology's Implications | p. 17 |
Social Science Research Approaches and Methodologies | p. 17 |
Institutional Infrastructure for Societal Implications Research | p. 19 |
5. Recommendations | p. 20 |
Other Measures | p. 21 |
Specific Areas for Research and Education Investment | p. 22 |
Recommendations to Organizations | p. 22 |
With an Eye to the Future | p. 24 |
6. Statements on Societal Implications | p. 25 |
6.1 Overviews | |
National Nanotechnology Initiative | p. 25 |
The Age of Transitions | p. 29 |
Technological Implications of Nanotechnology: Why the Future Needs Us | p. 35 |
Don't Count Society Out: A Response to Bill Joy | p. 37 |
National Needs Drivers for Nanotechnology | p. 46 |
Nanotechnology and Societal Transformation | p. 55 |
6.2 Focus on economic and political implications of potential technology | |
Impact of Nanotechnology on the Chemical and Automotive Industries | p. 68 |
Information Technology Based on a Mature Nanotechnology: Some Societal Implications | p. 74 |
Societal Implications of Scaling to Nanoelectronics | p. 84 |
Future Implications of Nanoscale Science and Technology: Wired Humans, Quantum Legos, and an Ocean of Information | p. 93 |
Implications of Nanotechnology in the Pharmaceutics and Medical Fields | p. 98 |
We've Only Just Begun | p. 103 |
An Economist's Approach to Analyzing the Societal Impacts of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology | p. 108 |
The Strategic Impact of Nanotechnology on the Future of Business and Economics | p. 114 |
Nano-Science and Society: Finding a Social Basis for Science Policy | p. 121 |
6.3 Focus on science and education implications | |
Implications of Nanoscience for Knowledge and Understanding | p. 129 |
Nanotechnology, Education, and the Fear of Nanobots | p. 145 |
Mathematical Challenges in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: An Essay on Nanotechnology Implications | p. 146 |
Implications of Nanotechnology for the Workforce | p. 173 |
Societal Impacts of Nanotechnology in Education and Medicine | p. 180 |
Technological and Educational Implications of Nanotechnology--Infrastructure and Educational Needs | p. 186 |
Dynamics of the Emerging Field of Nanoscience | p. 197 |
6.4 Focus on medical, environmental, space exploration and national security implications | |
Challenges and Vision for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Medicine: Cancer as a Model | p. 203 |
Nanotechnology in Medicine | p. 204 |
Lifecycle/Sustainability Implications of Nanotechnology | p. 205 |
Implications of Nanotechnology for Space Exploration | p. 213 |
National Security Aspects of Nanotechnology | p. 218 |
6.5 Focus on social, ethical, legal, international and national security implications | |
Social Science Research Methods for Assessing Societal Implications of Nanotechnology | p. 238 |
Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology | p. 244 |
Social Acceptance of Nanotechnology | p. 251 |
Social, Ethical, and Legal Implications of Nanotechnology | p. 257 |
Envisioning Life on the Nano-Frontier | p. 271 |
Societal Implications of Nanotechnology | p. 277 |
Socio-Economic Research on Nanoscale Science and Technology: A European Overview and Illustration | p. 278 |
Nanotechnology and Unintended Consequences | p. 311 |
A Cultural Ecology of Nanotechnology | p. 318 |
Envisioning and Communicating Nanotechnology to the Public | p. 324 |
Bibliography | p. 328 |
Publications by the National Science and Technology Council | p. 328 |
Other Publications | p. 329 |
Appendices | |
A. List of Participants and Contributors (as of Sept. 2000) | p. 330 |
B. Selected Endorsements of NNI | p. 336 |
C. Index of Authors | p. 350 |
D. Index of Topics | p. 358 |