Nonlinear mechanics of reinforced concrete

This book describes the application of nonlinear static and dynamic analysis for the design, maintenance and seismic strengthening of reinforced concrete structures. The latest structural and RC constitutive modelling techniques are described in detail, with particular attention given to multi-dimensional cracking and damage assessment, and their practical applications for performance-based design. Other subjects covered include 2D/3D analysis techniques, bond and tension stiffness, shear transfer, compression and confinement. It can be used in conjunction with WCOMD and COM3 software
Nonlinear Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete presents a practical methodology for structural engineers, graduate students and researchers concerned with the design and maintenance of concrete structures.

Author Notes

Hajime Okamura is President of Koichi University of Technology, Japan and Professor Emeritus of The University of Tokyo, Japan.

List of figures	p. xvii
List of tables	p. xxxvii
Preface	p. xxxix
Acknowledgments	p. xliii
Part 1 Analysis and modeling of reinforced concrete	p. 1
1 Introduction	p. 3
1.1 Behavioral simulation of structures	p. 3
1.2 Engineering applications	p. 6
1.3 Organization of the book	p. 12
References	p. 12
2 Two-dimensional analysis of reinforced concrete	p. 13
2.1 The concept of smeared cracks: a space-averaged constitutive model	p. 13
2.2 Direction of cracking	p. 15
2.3 Implicit formulation: preliminary discussion	p. 17
2.4 Explicit formulation: the active crack approach	p. 18
2.5 The orthogonal two-way fixed crack model	p. 20
2.6 The quasi-orthogonal two-way fixed crack approach	p. 44
2.7 Verification of the two-way fixed crack model	p. 45
2.8 Four-way fixed crack model	p. 54
2.9 Verification of the four-way fixed crack model	p. 61
2.10 Two-dimensional structural analysis	p. 68
2.11 Shear failure of a high-strength concrete beam	p. 101
2.12 A shear wall subject to horizontal two-directional loading	p. 112
2.13 An underground box culvert	p. 115
References	p. 121
3 Three-dimensional analysis of reinforced concrete	p. 125
3.1 General concept	p. 125
3.2 An elasto-plastic and continuum-fracture model for uncracked concrete	p. 126
3.3 A three-dimensional zoning concept and anisotropic post-cracking response	p. 134
3.4 Nonlinear structural analysis	p. 144
References	p. 173
4 Nonlinear soil-structure interaction	p. 176
4.1 The complete soil-structure system of nonlinearity	p. 176
4.2 Modeling of soil and soil-RC interface	p. 177
4.3 Nonlinear static response of underground RC structures	p. 188
4.4 A nonlinear dynamic analysis of the RC-soil system	p. 195
4.5 The failure/collapse mechanism of damaged underground structures	p. 209
References	p. 223
5 Three-dimensional analysis of shells and frames	p. 225
Part 1 Shell elements	p. 225
5.1 Introduction	p. 225
5.2 Degenerated shell elements and layered formulations	p. 226
5.3 Geometrical nonlinearity	p. 231
5.4 Integration scheme	p. 232
5.5 Crack patterns in a shell element subjected to out-of-plane transverse loads	p. 233
5.6 Verification of shell element	p. 234
Part 2 Frame elements	p. 248
5.7 Fiber formulation	p. 248
5.8 Verification of frame elements	p. 260
5.9 Buckling and spalling models	p. 276
5.10 Frame members under large lateral deformation	p. 283
5.11 Post-peak cyclic response analysis	p. 288
5.12 Geometrical nonlinearity in the collapse of RC piers	p. 294
References	p. 296
6 Analysis of strengthened and retrofitted structures	p. 300
6.1 Background	p. 300
6.2 A structural steel model	p. 300
6.3 A carbon fiber sheet model	p. 308
6.4 A steel-concrete interface model	p. 309
6.5 Concentric and eccentric compression of strengthened columns	p. 319
6.6 RC columns strengthened by steel encasement	p. 331
6.7 RC columns strengthened by carbon fiber sheet wrapping	p. 335
References	p. 337
7 Nonlinear interaction of multi-directional cracking	p. 339
7.1 Crack-to-crack interaction	p. 339
7.2 A beam containing pre-cracks: two-way crack interaction	p. 340
7.3 Numerical simulation of non-orthogonal two-way crack interaction	p. 348
7.4 Three-way crack interaction	p. 357
7.5 Crack interaction in which two cracks are inclined close to each other	p. 360
7.6 Shear failure of RC members subject to pre-cracking and combined axial tension and shear	p. 369
Part 2 Constitutive modeling of reinforced concrete	p. 383
References	p. 381
8 Stress transfer across reinforced concrete interfaces	p. 385
8.1 Engineering needs	p. 385
8.2 The basic joint element model	p. 386
8.3 An enhanced joint element model	p. 411
References	p. 429
9 The elasto-plastic fracture model for concrete	p. 431
9.1 Basic concepts of fracturing and plasticity	p. 431
9.2 Continuum fracture in concrete nonlinearity under triaxial confinement	p. 432
9.3 Plasticity in concrete nonlinearity	p. 444
9.4 Triaxial elasto-plastic and fracture model for concrete	p. 456
9.5 Strength and damage of confined concrete columns	p. 464
References	p. 491
10 Stress transfer across cracks in reinforced concrete	p. 495
10.1 Micro-mechanics of crack face contact	p. 495
10.2 Literature review	p. 495
10.3 The basic contact density model	p. 497
10.4 Verification of the basic contact density model	p. 509
10.5 Characteristics of the stress transfer mechanism	p. 521
10.6 Application of the stress transfer model to RC	p. 528
10.7 Qualitative evaluation of the basic contact density model	p. 529
10.8 The universal model of stress transfer across cracks in RC	p. 541
10.9 Verification of the universal stress transfer model	p. 554
References	p. 563
11 Bond mechanics of reinforced concrete	p. 565
11.1 Multi-scale modeling	p. 565
11.2 Local bond stress-slip-strain relation for deformed bars	p. 573
11.3 Bond characteristics in the post-yield range	p. 589
11.4 Strain-slip model of anchored bar subject to cyclic loading	p. 597
11.5 A basic tension-stiffening model under reversed loading including the post-yield range	p. 604
11.6 Enhancement of macro models by meso-level bonding	p. 618
11.7 A computational model for structural analysis	p. 631
11.8 Micro-mechanical model of bond-bar rib- concrete stress transfer	p. 637
References	p. 647
12 Modeling of reinforcing bars in structures	p. 651
12.1 Embedded bars in concrete under coupled axial and transverse displacement	p. 651
12.2 A computational model under coupled axial and transverse displacement	p. 666
12.3 Stability of reinforcing bar and cover concrete	p. 682
12.4 Modeling for post-yield buckling of reinforcement	p. 685
12.5 Stability of reinforcement and fracture of cover concrete	p. 696
References	p. 709
Index	p. 713

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