Geoenvironmental engineering : contaminated soils, pollutant fate and mitigation

Why do some contaminants remain in soils indefinitely? How much of a threat do they pose to human health or the environment? The need for effective and economic site decontamination arises daily. Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate, and Mitigation discusses why soils remain contaminated, focusing on the development of the factors, properties, characteristics, and parameters of soils and individual contaminants.
Subjects covered include the basic properties of soils affecting accumulation of contaminants, long-term retention of contaminants and their fate, including the development of intermediate products. The author emphasizes the factors, interactions, and mechanisms important in the bonding and partitioning process. He provides the groundwork for determining the fate of pollutants in soils and sediments and their mitigation.
Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate, and Mitigation focuses on why soils and sediments remain contaminated, not how they became contaminated in the first place. You will understand why specific contaminants remain in soils and sediments, how much of a threat they pose to human health and the environment, and what steps to take for mitigation. With this information you can determine the extent of the contamination of soils and sediments, how long they will remain a threat, and what methods to use for their remediation.

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Yong offers an extremely well written, comprehensive book on geoenvironmental engineering. The book begins with a discussion of the essentials of land use and characteristics. The first four chapters offer basic information on soil characteristics, water soil systems, and partitioning of pollutants between liquid and solid interfaces; they also provide the essential discussion of mechanisms using geoenvironmental engineering. Chapters 5 through 8 utilize this basic information to develop the relationships for the fate of heavy metals, organic compounds, and their interactions with soils in site remediation. This material is well organized, concise, and thoroughly presented; however, it would benefit from an index of symbols and acronyms. This title will be valuable to students as well as practitioners working in the area of remediation, and essential for the library of practicing engineers. Graduate students through professionals. R. P. Carnahan; University of South Florida

Chapter 1 Contaminated Land	p. 1
1.1 Ground Contamination	p. 1
1.1.1 Elements of the Problem	p. 2
1.2 The Land Environment	p. 4
1.3 Land Environment Sensitivity and Tolerance	p. 8
1.3.1 Environmental Impact Policy	p. 9
1.3.2 Environmental Inventory, Audit, Assessment, and Impact Statement	p. 9
1.4 Land Suitability and Use	p. 12
1.4.1 Groundwater	p. 14
1.5 Wastes and Waste Streams	p. 15
1.5.1 Characterization of Hazardous and Toxic Wastes	p. 17
1.5.2 Land Disposal of Non-hazardous and Hazardous Wastes	p. 19
1.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 22
Chapter 2 Nature of Soils	p. 25
2.1 Soil Materials in the Land Environment	p. 25
2.1.1 Pollutant Retention and/or Retardation by Subsurface Soil Material	p. 28
2.2 Soil Materials	p. 29
2.3 Soil Fractions	p. 33
2.3.1 Clay Minerals	p. 33
2.3.2 Soil Organics	p. 38
2.3.3 Oxides and Hydrous Oxides	p. 40
2.3.4 Carbonates and Sulphates	p. 42
2.4 Soil Structure	p. 43
2.5 Physical Properties	p. 45
2.5.1 Hydraulic Conductivity	p. 46
2.5.2 Soil Fractions and Physical Properties	p. 48
2.5.3 Utilization of Information on Soil Properties	p. 48
2.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 52
Chapter 3 Soil-Water Systems	p. 55
3.1 Surface Relationships	p. 55
3.2 Surfaces of Soil Fractions	p. 57
3.2.1 Reactive Surfaces	p. 57
3.2.2 Surface Functional Groups--Soil Organic Matter	p. 58
3.2.3 Surface Functional Groups--Inorganic Soil Fractions	p. 60
3.2.4 Electric Charges on Surfaces	p. 63
3.3 Surface Charges and Electrified Interface	p. 64
3.3.1 Net Surface Charges	p. 64
3.3.2 Electric Double Layer	p. 67
3.4 Diffuse Double-Layer (DDL) Models	p. 68
3.4.1 Stern and Grahame Models	p. 72
3.4.2 Validity of the DDL Models	p. 74
3.4.3 Interaction Energies	p. 75
3.4.4 DLVO Model and Interaction Energies	p. 77
3.5 Interactions and Soil Structure	p. 79
3.5.1 Swelling Clays	p. 84
3.6 Soil-Water Characteristics	p. 87
3.6.1 Soil-Water Potentials	p. 87
3.6.2 Measurement of Soil-Water Potentials	p. 89
3.6.3 Evaluation of Measured Soil-Water Potentials	p. 91
3.6.4 Matric [psi subscript m], Osmotic [psi subscript pi] Potentials and Swelling Soils	p. 93
3.7 Concluding Remarks	p. 96
Chapter 4 Interactions and Partitioning of Pollutants	p. 101
4.1 Pollutants, Contaminants, and Fate	p. 101
4.1.1 Persistence and Fate	p. 105
4.2 Pollutants of Major Concern	p. 106
4.2.1 Metals	p. 107
4.2.2 Organic Chemical Pollutants	p. 109
4.3 Controls and Reactions in Porewater	p. 110
4.3.1 Acid-base Reactions--Hydrolysis	p. 111
4.3.2 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions	p. 113
4.3.3 Eh-pH Relationship	p. 115
4.4 Partitioning and Sorption Mechanisms	p. 115
4.4.1 Molecular Interactions and Bondings	p. 117
4.4.2 Cation Exchange	p. 118
4.4.3 Physical Adsorption	p. 119
4.4.4 Specific Adsorption	p. 121
4.4.5 Chemical Adsorption	p. 121
4.4.6 Physical Adsorption of Anions	p. 121
4.5 pH Environment, Solubility, and Precipitation	p. 122
4.6 Natural Soil Organics and Organic Chemicals	p. 124
4.7 Soil Surface Sorption Properties--CEC, SSA	p. 124
4.7.1 Soil Surface Area Measurement	p. 125
4.7.2 Cation Exchange Capacity, CEC	p. 127
4.8 Pollutant Sorption Capacity Characterization	p. 128
4.8.1 Adsorption Isotherms	p. 130
4.8.2 Distribution Coefficient k[subscript d]	p. 133
4.8.3 Partitioning and Organic Carbon Content	p. 134
4.9 Interactions and Pollutant Transport Predictions	p. 136
4.9.1 Transport and Partitioning in the Vadose Zone	p. 138
4.9.2 Diffusion Coefficients D[subscript c] and D[subscript o]	p. 139
4.9.3 Soil Structure and Diffusion Coefficients	p. 142
4.9.4 Vadose Zone Transport	p. 144
4.10 Concluding Remarks	p. 145
Chapter 5 Partitioning and Fate of Heavy Metals	p. 149
5.1 Introduction	p. 149
5.2 Environmental Controls on Heavy Metal (HM) Mobility and Availability	p. 150
5.2.1 Soil Characteristics and HM Retention	p. 152
5.2.2 Preferential Sorption of HMs	p. 155
5.3 Partitioning of HM Pollutants	p. 158
5.3.1 Determination of Partitioning and Partition Coefficients	p. 159
5.3.2 Rate-limiting Processes	p. 161
5.3.3 Assessment of Partitioning from Leaching Columns	p. 163
5.3.4 Breakthrough Curves	p. 168
5.4 Distribution of Partitioned HMs	p. 169
5.4.1 Selective Sequential Extraction (SSE) Procedure and Analysis	p. 171
5.4.2 Selective Soil Fraction Addition (SSFA) Procedure and Analysis	p. 177
5.4.3 Selective Soil Fraction Removal (SSFR) Procedure and Analysis	p. 179
5.5 Soil Composition, Structure, and HM Partitioning	p. 181
5.5.1 Comparison of Results Obtained	p. 181
5.5.2 Column Studies for Soil Structure and Partitioning	p. 184
5.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 187
Chapter 6 Persistence and Fate of Organic Chemical Pollutants	p. 191
6.1 Introduction	p. 191
6.2 Adsorption and Bonding Mechanisms	p. 192
6.2.1 Intermolecular Interactions	p. 194
6.2.2 Functional Groups and Bonding	p. 196
6.3 Partitioning of Organic Chemical Pollutants	p. 200
6.3.1 Adsorption Isotherms	p. 201
6.3.2 Equilibrium Partition Coefficient	p. 203
6.4 Interactions and Fate	p. 207
6.4.1 Persistence and Recalcitrance	p. 207
6.4.2 Abiotic and Biotic Transformation Processes	p. 208
6.4.3 Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions	p. 209
6.4.4 Soil Catalysis	p. 210
6.4.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	p. 212
6.5 Concluding Remarks	p. 215
Chapter 7 Interactions and Pollutant Removal	p. 219
7.1 Introduction	p. 219
7.2 Basic Decontamination Considerations	p. 221
7.2.1 Pollutant-Soil Interactions and Pollutant Removal	p. 221
7.3 Determination of Pollutant Release	p. 223
7.3.1 Batch Equilibrium Studies	p. 223
7.3.2 Column Tests	p. 226
7.3.3 Selective Sequential Analyses	p. 227
7.3.4 Bench-top Tests	p. 231
7.4 Electrodics and Electrokinetics	p. 232
7.4.1 Electrodics and Charge Transfer	p. 232
7.4.2 Electrokinetics and Pollutant Removal	p. 235
7.5 Biochemical Reactions and Pollutants	p. 237
7.5.1 Nitrogen and Sulphur Cycles	p. 238
7.5.2 Pollutant-Soil Bond Disruption	p. 239
7.5.3 Biotic Redox and Microcosm Studies	p. 241
7.6 Assessment, Screening, and Treatability	p. 244
7.7 Concluding Remarks	p. 246
Chapter 8 Remediation and Pollution Mitigation	p. 247
8.1 Introduction	p. 247
8.2 Pollutants and Site Contamination	p. 247
8.2.1 Pollution Mitigation, Elimination, and Management	p. 248
8.2.2 In situ and ex situ Remedial Treatment	p. 250
8.3 Basic Soil Decontamination Considerations	p. 251
8.4 Physico-chemical Techniques	p. 252
8.4.1 Contaminated Soil Removal and Treatment	p. 252
8.4.2 Vacuum Extraction--Water and Vapour	p. 253
8.4.3 Electrokinetic Application	p. 255
8.4.4 Solidification and Stabilization	p. 256
8.5 Chemical Techniques	p. 257
8.5.1 Inorganic Pollutants (HM Pollutants)	p. 257
8.5.2 Treatment Walls	p. 258
8.5.3 Organic Chemical Pollutants	p. 260
8.6 Biological Techniques	p. 261
8.7 Multiple Treatments and Treatment Trains	p. 263
8.8 Concluding Remarks	p. 264
References and Suggested Reading	p. 267
Index	p. 283

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