Optical WDM networks : concepts and design principles

The essential guide to the state of the art in WDM and its vast networking potential

As a result of its huge transmission capacity and countless other advantages, fiber optics has fostered a bandwidth revolution, addressing the constantly growing demand for increased bandwidth. Within this burgeoning area, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) has emerged as a breakthrough technology for exploiting the capacity of optical fibers. Today, WDM is deployed by many network providers for point-to-point transmission-but there is strong momentum to develop it as a full-fledged networking technology in its own right. The telecommunications industry, network service providers, and research communities worldwide are paying close attention.

Optical WDM Networks presents an easy-to-follow introduction to basic concepts, key issues, effective solutions, and state-of-the-art technologies for wavelength-routed WDM networks. Responding to the need for resources focused on the networking potential of WDM, the book is organized in terms of the most important networking aspects, such as:
* Network control architecture
* Routing and wavelength assignment
* Virtual topology design and reconfiguration
* Distributed lightpath control and management
* Optical-layer protection and restoration
* IP over WDM
* Trends for the future in optical networks

Each chapter includes examples and problems that illustrate and offer practical application of concepts, as well as extensive references for further reading. This is an essential resource for professionals and students in electrical engineering, computer engineering, and computer science as well as network engineers, designers, planners, operators, and managers who seek a backbone of knowledge in optical networks.

Author Notes

JUN ZHENG , PhD, is a research scientist with the School of Information Technology and Engineering at the University of Ottawa, Canada. He received his PhD from the University of Hong Kong. He has been involved in extensive research and development in telecommunications engineering for many years. An award-winning scientist in the communications technology field, Zheng is a member of IEEE.

HUSSEIN T. MOUFTAH , PhD, is Canada Research Chair Professor in the School of Information Technology and Engineering at the University of Ottawa, Canada. Formerly a professor and associate head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen's University, he is an IEEE Fellow and served as editor-in-chief of IEEE Communications magazine and later as IEEE Communications Society Director of Magazines. Dr. Mouftah is author or coauthor of three books and more than 700 technical papers and eight patents.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
1. Introduction	p. 1
1.1. Optical networks: a brief picture	p. 1
1.2. WDM technology	p. 3
1.3. WDM network architectures	p. 6
1.3.1. Broadcast-and-select WDM networks	p. 6
1.3.2. Wavelength-routed WDM networks	p. 8
1.4. Focus of this book	p. 14
1.4.1. Routing and wavelength assignment	p. 14
1.4.2. Virtual topology design and reconfiguration	p. 15
1.4.3. Lightpath control and management	p. 15
1.4.4. Optical layer survivability	p. 16
1.4.5. IP over WDM	p. 17
1.5. Outline of this book	p. 18
Problems	p. 20
References	p. 20
2. Fundamentals of WDM Network Devices	p. 23
2.1. Introduction	p. 23
2.2. Optical fibers	p. 23
2.3. Couplers	p. 27
2.4. Optical amplifiers	p. 29
2.5. Transmitters	p. 31
2.6. Receivers	p. 32
2.7. Optical add/drop multiplexers	p. 33
2.8. Optical cross-connects	p. 33
2.9. Wavelength-convertible cross-connects	p. 36
2.10. Wavelength converters	p. 40
2.11. Summary	p. 42
Problems	p. 43
References	p. 43
3. Routing and Wavelength Assignment	p. 45
3.1. Introduction	p. 45
3.2. RWA problem	p. 46
3.2.1. Static RWA and dynamic RWA	p. 47
3.2.2. Centralized RWA and distributed RWA	p. 48
3.3. Static RWA	p. 49
3.3.1. ILP formulations for SLE without wavelength conversion	p. 49
3.3.2. ILP formulation for SLE with wavelength conversion	p. 53
3.3.3. ILP formulation for static routing	p. 54
3.3.4. Static wavelength assignment	p. 55
3.4. Dynamic RWA	p. 56
3.4.1. Routing	p. 57
3.4.2. Wavelength assignment	p. 59
3.4.3. RWA algorithms	p. 65
3.5. RWA for Fairness	p. 68
3.5.1. Wavelength reservation	p. 70
3.5.2. Threshold protection	p. 70
3.5.3. Limited alternate routing	p. 70
3.6. Wavelength Rerouting	p. 71
3.6.1. Need for wavelength rerouting	p. 71
3.6.2. Problems in wavelength rerouting	p. 73
3.6.3. Lightpath migration operations	p. 73
3.6.4. Lightpath rerouting schemes	p. 76
3.6.5. Wavelength rerouting algorithms	p. 80
3.7. Summary	p. 84
Problems	p. 85
References	p. 85
4. Virtual Topology Design	p. 89
4.1. Introduction	p. 89
4.2. Virtual topology design problem	p. 90
4.2.1. Physical and virtual topologies	p. 92
4.2.2. Subproblems in virtual topology design	p. 94
4.2.3. Virtual topology optimization	p. 97
4.3. Virtual topology design formulation	p. 98
4.3.1. Terminology	p. 98
4.3.2. Formulation	p. 99
4.4. Heuristics	p. 103
4.4.1. Bounds	p. 104
4.4.2. Heuristics design	p. 107
4.4.3. Heuristics for regular topology design	p. 109
4.4.4. Heuristics for predetermined topology design	p. 114
4.4.5. Heuristics for arbitrary topology design	p. 116
4.5. Virtual topology reconfiguration	p. 123
4.5.1. Reconfiguration for traffic changes	p. 125
4.5.2. Reconfiguration for topology changes	p. 126
4.6. Summary	p. 127
Problems	p. 127
References	p. 128
5. Distributed Lightpath Establishment	p. 131
5.1. Introduction	p. 131
5.2. Problems in distributed lightpath establishment	p. 132
5.2.1. Routing	p. 133
5.2.2. Wavelength assignment	p. 135
5.2.3. Wavelength reservation	p. 135
5.3. Routing	p. 136
5.3.1. Explicit routing	p. 136
5.3.2. Hop-by-hop routing	p. 137
5.3.3. Flooding-based routing	p. 142
5.4. Wavelength reservation	p. 142
5.4.1. Parallel reservation	p. 143
5.4.2. Sequential reservation	p. 144
5.4.3. Reservation policies	p. 150
5.5. Distributed control protocols for lightpath establishment	p. 154
5.5.1. Source routing with forward reservation	p. 154
5.5.2. Source routing with backward reservation	p. 155
5.5.3. Destination routing with backward reservation	p. 156
5.5.4. Alternate-link routing with backward reservation	p. 157
5.5.5. Flooding-based routing with backward reservation	p. 158
5.5.6. Multiple-path routing with backward reservation	p. 159
5.5.7. Neighborhood-information-based routing with backward reservation	p. 160
5.6. Summary	p. 161
Problems	p. 162
References	p. 163
6. Optical Layer Survivability	p. 165
6.1. Introduction	p. 165
6.2. Need for optical layer survivability	p. 166
6.3. Protection and restoration for optical layer survivability	p. 168
6.3.1. Protection for point-to-point WDM links	p. 169
6.3.2. Static protection and dynamic restoration	p. 171
6.3.3. Dedicated protection and shared protection	p. 172
6.3.4. Link protection and path protection	p. 173
6.3.5. Link restoration and path restoration	p. 176
6.3.6. Segment protection	p. 178
6.3.7. Considerations in survivable network design	p. 179
6.4. Survivable network design for static traffic	p. 180
6.4.1. Survivable network design problem	p. 180
6.4.2. ILP formulations	p. 181
6.5. Survivable routing for dynamic traffic	p. 184
6.5.1. Dedicated and shared survivable routing	p. 185
6.5.2. Cost function	p. 185
6.5.3. Static and dynamic survivable routing	p. 187
6.5.4. Separate and joint survivable routing	p. 190
6.5.5. Centralized and distributed survivable routing	p. 192
6.6. Dynamic restoration	p. 193
6.6.1. Problems in dynamic restoration	p. 193
6.6.2. Source-initiated restoration	p. 195
6.6.3. Destination-initiated restoration	p. 197
6.6.4. Bi-initiation-based restoration	p. 199
6.6.5. Multi-initiation-based restoration	p. 202
6.7. Summary	p. 206
Problems	p. 207
References	p. 207
7. IP over WDM	p. 211
7.1. Introduction	p. 211
7.2. IP over WDM layered models	p. 212
7.2.1. IP over ATM over SONET/SDH over WDM	p. 214
7.2.2. IP over SONET/SDH over WDM	p. 215
7.2.3. IP over WDM	p. 216
7.3. IP over WDM network model	p. 217
7.3.1. Network model	p. 217
7.3.2. UNI and NNI	p. 218
7.4. IP over WDM service models	p. 219
7.4.1. Domain service model	p. 219
7.4.2. Unified service model	p. 220
7.5. IP over WDM interconnection models	p. 221
7.5.1. Overlay model	p. 221
7.5.2. Peer model	p. 222
7.5.3. Augmented model	p. 223
7.6. Control plane for optical networks	p. 224
7.6.1. Requirements for optical control plane	p. 224
7.6.2. MPLS-based optical control planes	p. 225
7.7. Multiprotocol Label Switching	p. 226
7.7.1. Packet forwarding and label swapping	p. 226
7.7.2. Routing and path establishment	p. 228
7.7.3. Traffic engineering with MPLS	p. 228
7.8. Multiprotocol Lambda Switching	p. 230
7.8.1. Analogy between MPLS and MPLmS	p. 230
7.8.2. Extensions to routing and signaling protocols	p. 231
7.9. Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching	p. 232
7.9.1. Forwarding hierarchy	p. 233
7.9.2. Link bundling	p. 235
7.9.3. Unnumbered links	p. 236
7.9.4. Extensions to routing and signaling protocols	p. 236
7.9.5. Link management protocol	p. 238
7.10. Survivability in IP over WDM networks	p. 239
7.10.1. Survivability in WDM networks	p. 239
7.10.2. Survivability in IP networks	p. 241
7.10.3. Multilayer survivability in IP over WDM networks	p. 243
7.11. Summary	p. 245
Problems	p. 246
References	p. 247
8. Future Trends in Optical Networks	p. 251
8.1. Introduction	p. 251
8.2. IP over WDM	p. 253
8.3. Optical packet switching	p. 254
8.4. Optical burst switching	p. 256
8.5. Optical metro networks	p. 258
8.6. Optical access networks	p. 260
Problems	p. 261
References	p. 261
Appendices	p. 265
A. Basics of graph theory	p. 265
B. Dijkstra's Algorithm	p. 269
C. Acronyms	p. 273
Index	p. 277

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