Oil & gas pipelines in nontechnical language

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Title:

Personal Author:

Miesner, Thomas O.

Publication Information:

Tulsa, OK : PennWell Corp., 2006

ISBN:

9781593700584

Subject Term:

Petroleum pipelines -- Popular works

Natural gas pipelines -- Popular works

Added Author:

Leffler, William L.

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010164083	TN879.5 M43 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Oil & Gas Pipelines in Nontechnical Language examines the processes, techniques, equipment, and facilities used to transport liquids such as refined products, crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids through cross-country pipelines.

Topics include the importance of the pipeline infrastructure; planning, designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining pipelines; regulatory requirements; and the challenges for the future. Special emphasis is included on control and leak detection systems as well as emerging technologies and systems to ensure safe and environmentally sound operation. Thorough but easy to read, this text is useful for anyone who wants to learn about pipelines, from petroleum industry newcomers and students to personnel in related arenas such as legal, accounting, financial, government, and others.

Features and benefits:
Concise overviews of the various pipeline functions and operations;
Individual coverage of oil, natural gas, and chemical pipeline operations and their differences;
Descriptive photos, charts, and tables for easy comprehension.

Author Notes

Dr. William L. Leffler, a retired executive from Royal Dutch/Shell, spent 36 years with that company. During his career he spent time in refining and marketing, petrochemicals, and corporate planning in the United States, and in exploration and production in London. He earned his MBA and PHD at New York University, and a BS at MIT. He has authored multiple PennWell titles including the bestselling Petroleum Refining in Nontechnical Language, 4th Edition (2008), Petrochemicals in Nontechnical Language, 4th Edition (2010), and Deepwater Petroleum Exploration & Production: A Nontechnical Guide, 2nd Edition (2011).
Thomas O. Miesner, former president of Conoco Pipeline, has spent more than 25 years in the pipeline industry working in engineering, operations, business development, and joint venture management positions. He served on the boards of several pipeline companies, including three years as Chairman of the Board for Explorer Pipeline Company. Active on the API Pipeline General Committee and the Association of Oil Pipelines Executive Committee, Miesner was also Chairman of the Association of Oil Pipelines in 2001 where he was instrumental in establishing a vision for the future as well as strategic initiatives which are still presently being pursued by the industry. He received his BS in Engineering Management from the University of Missouri-Rolla.

Acknowledgments	p. xvii
1 How Pipelines Differ	p. 1
Crude Oil Pipelines	p. 3
Refined Products Pipelines	p. 4
Natural Gas Pipelines	p. 5
Pipeline Customers	p. 6
2 The First Leg	p. 9
Creating Nostalgia	p. 9
Enter Competition	p. 12
Oily Beginnings	p. 12
Gaseous Progress	p. 14
Endeavor and Technology	p. 16
Disturbed Interests	p. 18
The Russians	p. 19
Separate Ways	p. 21
Expansion	p. 22
The Great Offshore	p. 23
Diversity	p. 26
Shifting Sands	p. 27
References	p. 28
3 How Pipelines Work	p. 29
The Physics of Fluid Flow	p. 29
Municipal Water Systems	p. 31
Friction Losses, Pipe Lengths, and Flow Rates	p. 32
Splitting flows	p. 34
Hydraulic Properties of Hydrocarbon Fluids	p. 35
Measures and dimensions	p. 35
Density	p. 37
Viscosity	p. 39
Pour point	p. 41
Vapor pressure and evaporation	p. 41
Pressure	p. 44
Compressibility	p. 44
Why gases behave that way	p. 45
Hydraulics	p. 47
Basic Flow Principles and Equations	p. 47
The First Law of Thermodynamics	p. 47
Bernoulli's equation	p. 48
Flow characteristics	p. 49
Friction loss	p. 50
Elevation loss (or gain)	p. 51
Flow rates and capacities	p. 54
Conclusion	p. 55
4 Oil Pipeline Operations	p. 57
Crude Oil Lines-a Brief Review	p. 57
Refined Products Lines-a Brief Review	p. 58
Field Operations to Central Control Room	p. 59
Crude oil receipt and delivery field operations	p. 59
Refined products receipt and delivery field operations	p. 62
Central Control Room Operations	p. 63
Planning and scheduling operations	p. 65
The scheduler's role	p. 66
The controller's role	p. 68
Hydraulic concepts-practical applications in mainline operations	p. 72
The Control Room	p. 79
Routine operations	p. 80
Abnormal operations	p. 84
Operator Training	p. 85
References	p. 86
5 Natural Gas Pipeline Operations	p. 87
Natural Gas Lines-a Brief Review	p. 88
Gathering lines	p. 89
Gas processing plants	p. 90
Receipts from LNG facilities	p. 92
Pipeline hubs	p. 93
From Field Operations to Central Control Room Operations	p. 94
Natural gas field operations	p. 94
Natural gas delivery operations	p. 99
Central Control Rooms	p. 100
Planning and scheduling operations	p. 101
Monitoring and controlling the pipeline	p. 103
Hydraulic concepts-optimizing line operation	p. 104
Routine operations	p. 105
Quality control	p. 106
Abnormal operations	p. 106
Operator Training	p. 107
References	p. 107
6 Petrochemical and LPG Pipeline Operations	p. 109
Definitions	p. 109
Product Characteristics	p. 110
C4 products	p. 110
C3 products	p. 111
C2 products	p. 111
Compressibility	p. 112
Leak Detection	p. 112
Measurement	p. 113
Quality	p. 113
Commissioning and Decommissioning	p. 114
Freezing temperatures	p. 114
Storage	p. 115
Hydraulics	p. 117
Addendum-Supercritical Fluids	p. 118
7 Offshore Pipelines	p. 121
Line Design	p. 122
Installing Subsea Pipelines	p. 124
The boon and bane of buoyancy	p. 124
Laying pipe	p. 125
S-lay	p. 125
J-lay	p. 126
Reel barge	p. 128
Tow-in	p. 130
Bottom Conditions	p. 131
Risers	p. 131
Attached risers	p. 131
Pull tubes	p. 132
Steel catenary riser	p. 132
Top-tensioned risers	p. 134
Riser tower	p. 135
Flexible risers	p. 136
ROVs	p. 136
8 SCADA, Controls, and Leak Detection	p. 139
SCADA	p. 140
Design and Control	p. 141
Human versus computer decision making	p. 141
Local or central control	p. 142
Manual or automated	p. 143
Communications	p. 143
Human machine interface	p. 146
Real-time operating data	p. 147
Configuration tool	p. 150
Application interface	p. 150
Historic database	p. 150
Amount of data to gather	p. 151
Update frequency	p. 151
Update process	p. 152
Corrupted data	p. 152
Indicators, alarms, and alarm filtering	p. 153
SCADA performance	p. 155
Data sharing	p. 156
Reports and logs	p. 156
Security	p. 157
SCADA in summary	p. 157
Local SCADA	p. 158
Leak Detection	p. 158
Leaks and releases	p. 159
Leak detection systems	p. 160
Leak detection methods	p. 162
Internal systems	p. 163
External systems	p. 167
Conclusion	p. 168
9 Maintenance	p. 169
What Causes Releases?	p. 170
Equipment damage	p. 171
Corrosion	p. 173
Mechanical failures	p. 174
Natural hazards	p. 176
Other causes of failures	p. 180
How to Prevent Damage	p. 180
Equipment damage	p. 180
Corrosion	p. 184
Mechanical failures	p. 186
Natural hazards	p. 186
Other causes of failure	p. 187
Finding Potential Problems before They Become Failures	p. 187
Internal inspection devices	p. 187
Hydrostatic testing	p. 190
Electrical surveys	p. 192
Direct assessment	p. 196
Risk and Pipeline Safety	p. 197
Consequences	p. 198
Probabilities	p. 198
Framework for considering risk	p. 198
Data	p. 202
Integrity Management Plan	p. 203
Repairs	p. 204
Replacing the pipe	p. 204
Reinforcing the pipe	p. 206
Grinding to reduce stress concentrations	p. 207
Deposited weld metal	p. 208
Coating repairs	p. 208
Other Maintenance Activities	p. 209
Line lowering	p. 209
ROW maintenance	p. 209
Cathodic maintenance	p. 210
Maintenance pigging	p. 210
References	p. 212
10 Investment Decisions	p. 213
Why Are They Built?	p. 213
Who Decides to Build?	p. 214
How Is the Decision Made?	p. 216
Demand and supply	p. 216
Economics	p. 218
Ownership Changes	p. 224
Master Limited Partnerships	p. 225
Determining the Purchase and Sales Price	p. 226
Economic value	p. 226
Comparable sales	p. 227
Highest and best use	p. 227
Reconstruction cost new	p. 227
Book value	p. 228
11 Major Components and How They Work	p. 229
Pipe	p. 229
Manufacturing methods	p. 230
Properties of pipe	p. 231
Nonferrous pipe	p. 232
Coatings	p. 232
Fusion bond epoxy	p. 233
Coal tar	p. 234
Plastics	p. 234
Tapes	p. 234
Shrink sleeves	p. 235
Concrete coating	p. 236
Fittings and Flanges	p. 236
Fittings	p. 236
Flanges	p. 238
Valves	p. 238
Gate valves	p. 239
Ball valves	p. 240
Plug valves	p. 240
Check valves	p. 243
Globe valves	p. 244
Pressure relief valves	p. 245
Actuators	p. 246
Pumps and Compressors	p. 247
Positive displacement pumps and compressors	p. 247
Centrifugal compressors and pumps	p. 252
Prime Movers	p. 257
Engines	p. 258
Electric motors	p. 259
Turbines	p. 259
Variable Speed Devices	p. 260
Mechanical VSDs	p. 260
Electrical variable frequency drives	p. 260
Meters	p. 261
Positive displacement meters	p. 261
Turbine meters	p. 262
Orifice meters	p. 263
Ultrasonic meters	p. 264
Coriolis meters	p. 265
Provers	p. 265
Pipe provers	p. 265
Master meters	p. 266
Other Components	p. 267
References	p. 267
12 Engineering and Design	p. 269
Safety Considerations	p. 270
Route Selection	p. 270
Line Size, Wall Thickness, and Looping	p. 271
Engineering aspects of friction loss	p. 271
Systems Curves	p. 275
Fittings, Flanges, and Valves	p. 276
Wall Thickness and Grade of Pipe	p. 276
Looping	p. 278
Pump, Compressor, and Prime Mover Selection	p. 279
Pump selection	p. 279
Compressor selection	p. 282
Prime mover selection	p. 283
Flow and Pressure Control	p. 284
Natural gas	p. 285
Oil	p. 285
Number of Stations	p. 286
Station Location	p. 287
Storage	p. 289
Location of oil storage	p. 289
Number and size of oil tanks	p. 290
Location of natural gas storage	p. 291
Natural gas storage management	p. 291
Operating storage	p. 292
Seasonal storage	p. 292
Station Design and Layout	p. 293
Compressor and pump stations	p. 293
Delivery stations	p. 295
Storage fields and tank farms	p. 295
Ancillary station equipment	p. 296
Additional Design Considerations	p. 297
Crossings	p. 297
Block valves	p. 298
Conclusion	p. 298
13 Construction	p. 299
Permitting	p. 300
Contracting and Procurement	p. 300
ROW and Land Acquisition	p. 301
Inspection	p. 302
Staking the Line	p. 302
Pipeline Construction Spreads	p. 303
Preparing the ROW	p. 303
Stringing	p. 304
Welding	p. 305
Weld Inspection	p. 308
Trenching	p. 309
Lowering In	p. 310
Backfilling	p. 312
Bends, Crossings, and Tie-Ins	p. 312
Bends	p. 313
Crossings	p. 314
Tie-ins	p. 315
Quality Control	p. 316
Cleaning and Sizing	p. 316
Hydrostatic Testing	p. 317
Commissioning	p. 317
Station Construction	p. 317
Cleanup and Restoration	p. 318
Handoff for Operations	p. 318
Documentation	p. 319
14 Satisfying Stakeholders	p. 321
Introduction	p. 322
Stakeholders	p. 322
Owners	p. 323
Customers	p. 324
Landowners and neighbors	p. 324
Governments	p. 325
Nongovernmental organizations	p. 326
Interested citizens	p. 326
Industry	p. 327
Suppliers and contractors	p. 327
Competitors	p. 327
Employees	p. 327
Media	p. 328
Balancing Needs and Wants	p. 329
Safety	p. 329
Supply	p. 332
Other wants	p. 332
Conclusion	p. 333
References	p. 333
Appendix Abbreviations and Acronyms	p. 335
Index	p. 339

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Table of Contents