Multiphase flow metering

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Title:

Personal Author:

Falcone, Gioia

Series:

Developments in petroleum science ; v. 54

Developments in petroleum science ; v. 54.

Edition:

1st ed.

Publication Information:

Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier, 2010.

Physical Description:

ix, 329 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9780444529916

Abstract:

Over the last two decades the development, evaluation and use of MFM systems has been a major focus for the Oil & Gas industry worldwide. Since the early 1990's, when the first commercial meters started to appear, there have been around 2,000 field applications of MFM for field allocation, production optimisation and well testing. So far, many alternative metering systems have been developed, but none of them can be referred to as generally applicable or universally accurate. Both established and novel technologies suitable to measure the flow rates of gas, oil and water in a three-phase flow are reviewed and assessed within this book. Those technologies already implemented in the various commercial meters are evaluated in terms of operational and economical advantages or shortcomings from an operator point of view. The lessons learned about the practical reliability, accuracy and use of the available technology is discussed. The book suggests where the research to develop the next generation of MFM devices will be focused in order to meet the as yet unsolved problems. The book provides a critical and independent review of the current status and future trends of MFM, supported by the authors' strong background on multiphase flow and by practical examples. These are based on the authors' direct experience on MFM, gained over many years of research in connection with both operators and service companies-- Source other than Library of Congress.

Subject Term:

Petroleum pipelines -- Fluid dynamics

Added Author:

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010321064	TN879.5 F353 2010	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

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Summary

Author Notes

Professor Hewitt is an Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London. Professor Hewitt has worked on a variety of subjects in the general field of chemical engineering but his speciality for several decades now has been in mutliphase flow systems, with particular reference to channel flow and heat transfer. He has published many papers and books in this industrially important area and has lectured on the subject widely throughout the world. He has had a wide experience of industrial application through extensive consultancy and contract work and through his founding of the Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Service (HTFS) at Harwell and Hexxcell Ltd., a spin-out of Imperial College London operating in the area of heat transfer and energy efficiency. Professor Hewitt's contributions to the field have been recognised by his election to the Royal Academy of Engineering (1985), the Royal Society (1990), and the US National Academy of Engineering (1998) in addition to several international awards including Donald Q. Kern Award by AIChE (1981), Max Jakob Award by ASME (1995), and the Luikov Medal by ICHMT (1997). In 2007, he was presented the Global Energy Prize by Vladimir Putin at the World Economic Forum.

1 Multiphase Flow Fundamentals	p. 1
1.1 Introduction to Multiphase Flow	p. 1
1.2 Brief History of Multiphase Flow	p. 3
1.3 Types of Multiphase Flows, Flow Patterns and Flow-Pattern Maps	p. 5
1.3.1 Gas-liquid flows	p. 6
1.3.2 Liquid-liquid flows	p. 10
1.3.3 Gas-liquid-liquid flows	p. 11
1.3.4 Solid-Liquid-liquid-gas flows	p. 13
1.4 Significance of Flow Structure and Development in MFM	p. 13
1.5 Modelling of Multiphase Flow	p. 14
1.5.1 Empirical	p. 14
1.5.2 Phenomenological	p. 14
1.5.3 Multifluid	p. 15
1.5.4 Interface tracking	p. 15
1.6 Steady-State, Pseudo Steady-State and Transient Multiphase Flows	p. 15
References	p. 16
2 Introduction to Multiphase Flow Metering	p. 19
2.1 What is MFM?	p. 19
2.2 Brief History of MFM	p. 19
2.3 Applications of MFM to the Oil and Gas Industry	p. 20
2.3.1 Layout of production facilities	p. 21
2.3.2 Well testing	p. 21
2.3.3 Reservoir management	p. 23
2.3.4 Production allocation	p. 23
2.3.5 Production monitoring	p. 25
2.3.6 Subsea/downhole metering	p. 25
2.3.7 Costs	p. 26
2.4 MFM Trends	p. 27
2.5 What Do We Expect From MFM?	p. 28
2.6 Key Factors for the Selection of MFM Solutions	p. 28
2.6.1 Confidence in a particular technique	p. 29
2.6.2 Health, safety and environmental issues	p. 29
2.6.3 Measurement intrusiveness	p. 29
2.6.4 Gas void fraction	p. 29
2.6.5 Operating envelope	p. 29
2.6.6 Tool dimensions	p. 30
2.6.7 Calibration over field life	p. 30
2.6.8 Costs	p. 3
2.6.9 Assistance from manufacturers	p. 30
2.6.10 Marinisation experience	p. 30
2.6.11 Meter orientation and location	p. 30
2.6.12 Standalone versus integrated package	p. 31
References	p. 31
3 Multiphase Flow Metering Principles	p. 33
3.1 MFM Fundamentals	p. 33
3.2 Categories of Instruments	p. 35
3.2.1 Density, ?	p. 35
3.2.2 Velocity, ?v	p. 35
3.2.3 Momentum, ?v²	p. 35
3.2.4 Mass Flow, ?v	p. 36
3.2.5 Elemental analysis	p. 36
3.3 The Four Possible Routes to MFM	p. 37
3.4 Options for Measurement	p. 40
3.5 Possible Device Combinations	p. 41
3.5.1 Techniques depending on homogenisation	p. 41
3.5.2 Techniques not dependent on homogenisation	p. 44
3.5.3 Techniques depending on flow separation	p. 44
4 Key Multiphase Flow Metering Techniques	p. 47
4.1 Density Measurement	p. 47
4.1.1 Weighing of pipe	p. 47
4.1.2 The vibrating tube densitometer	p. 50
4.1.3 Acoustic attenuation	p. 52
4.1.4 Impedance	p. 54
4.1.5 Single-beam gamma densitometer	p. 61
4.1.6 Broad-beam gamma densitometer	p. 66
4.1.7 Multi-beam gamma densitometer	p. 71
4.1.8 Gamma-ray scattering	p. 76
4.1.9 Neutron absorption	p. 79
4.1.10 Neutron scattering	p. 83
4.1.11 Microwave attenuation	p. 88
4.1.12 Internal (GRAB) sampling	p. 92
4.1.13 Isokinetic sampling	p. 94
4.1.14 Infrared	p. 97
4.1.15 Tomography	p. 99
4.2 Velocity Measurement	p. 107
4.2.1 Turbine flow meters	p. 107
4.2.2 Vortex shedding meter	p. 112
4.2.3 Acoustic velocity (pulse and return)	p. 115
4.2.4 Acoustic cross-correlation	p. 117
4.2.5 Electromagnetic flow meter	p. 119
4.2.6 Pulsed photon activation	p. 122
4.2.7 Pulsed neutron activation	p. 125
4.2.8 Radioactive tracer methods	p. 131
4.2.9 Optical particle-tracking methods	p. 138
4.3 Momentum Flux Measurement	p. 139
4.3.1 Orifice flow meter	p. 139
4.3.2 Variable area orifice	p. 145
4.3.3 Venturi flow meter	p. 147
4.3.4 Pilot tube	p. 155
4.3.5 Tube pressure drop	p. 159
4.3.6 Pressure fluctuation signals	p. 161
4.4 Momentum Flux Measurement	p. 163
4.4.1 True mass flow meter	p. 163
4.4.2 Gyroscopic/Coriolis mass flow meters	p. 167
4.5 Elemental Analysis	p. 170
4.5.1 Neutron interrogation	p. 170
4.5.2 Multi-energy gamma densitometer	p. 174
References	p. 177
5 Current Status and Limitations of Multiphase Flow Metering	p. 191
5.1 Fundamentals of Error Theory	p. 191
5.1.1 Error definitions	p. 191
5.1.2 Random error	p. 193
5.1.3 Systematic error	p. 193
5.1.4 Error propagation	p. 198
5.2 What Can MFM Really Do?	p. 201
5.2.1 Flow regime and frequency of the measurements	p. 202
5.2.2 Flowing conditions (e.g. steady state or transient)	p. 202
5.2.3 Quality of the sensors signals	p. 203
5.2.4 Instrument ærangeabilityÆ	p. 203
5.2.5 Accuracy and frequency of the calibration	p. 205
5.2.6 Hydrocarbon fluid characterisation	p. 205
5.2.7 Flow assurance issues	p. 211
5.2.8 Uncertainty inherent in MFM technology	p. 212
5.2.9 Models used to interpret the raw measurements	p. 214
5.2.10 Error propagation within the æblack boxÆ	p. 220
5.3 Required Accuracy and Regulations	p. 224
References	p. 227
6 Wet Gas Metering Applications	p. 229
6.1 Critical Review of Wet Gas Definitions	p. 229
6.1.1 Origins and limitations of current wet gas definitions	p. 230
6.2 Issues Related to Defining and Metering Wet Gas	p. 237
6.3 An Example of Wet Gas Meter: The ANUMET System	p. 238
References	p. 248
7 Heavy Oil Metering Applications	p. 251
7.1 Introduction to Heavy Oils	p. 251
7.1.1 Definitions	p. 251
7.1.2 Formation processes and composition	p. 251
7.2 Heavy Oil Recovery Methods	p. 252
7.2.1 Cold recovery methods	p. 253
7.2.2 Thermal recovery methods	p. 254
7.3 Heavy Oil Metering Challenges	p. 255
7.3.1 Composition effects	p. 256
7.3.2 Viscosity and density effects	p. 257
7.3.3 High temperature effects on metering hardware	p. 264
References	p. 264
8 Non-Conventional MFM Solutions	p. 267
8.1 Using Choke Valves as MFM's	p. 267
8.1.1 Introduction to choke valves	p. 267
8.1.2 Review of choke valve models	p. 270
8.1.3 A choke valve metering system	p. 272
8.2 Integration of Conventional Hardware, Fluid Dynamic Models and Artificial Intelligence Algorithms	p. 274
8.2.1 Review of Al techniques	p. 275
8.2.2 A combination of neural networks and MFM, using a venturi tube and a density meter	p. 277
8.2.3 Integration of in-line MFM, ad hoc measurements at the wellhead and AI	p. 285
References	p. 292
9 Flow Loops for Validating and Testing Multiphase Flow Meters	p. 295
9.1 Using Flow Loops to Verify the Performance of MFMs	p. 295
9.2 Main Criteria for the Classification of Flow Loops	p. 297
9.3 Instrumentation	p. 301
9.4 Future Needs	p. 301
References	p. 301
10 Reserves Estimation and Production Allocation with MFM	p. 303
10.1 Reserves Estimation and Metering Uncertainty	p. 303
10.1.1 Uncertainty in the value of HOIP	p. 305
10.1.2 Definition of reserves and reporting standards	p. 305
10.1.3 Application of new technology to enhance well productivity	p. 306
10.1.4 Change in asset operatorship or business model	p. 307
10.1.5 Metering error when measuring produced volumes	p. 308
10.2 Production Allocation and Metering Uncertainty	p. 309
10.2.1 Pro-rata allocation, using relative throughput as a basis	p. 310
10.2.2 Mass balance and quality adjustment allocation	p. 310
10.2.3 Other allocation methods	p. 311
10.2.4 Metering uncertainty	p. 312
References	p. 313
Subject Index	p. 315

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Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents