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Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010280606 | RS189.5.S65 C43 2011 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
The book highlights the current practices and future trends in structural characterization of impurities and degradants. It begins with an overview of mass spectrometry techniques as related to the analysis of impurities and degradants, followed by studies involving characterization of process related impurities (including potential genotoxic impurities), and excipient related impurities in formulated products. Both general practitioners in pharmaceutical research and specialists in analytical chemistry field will benefit from this book that will detail step-by-step approaches and new strategies to solve challenging problems related to pharmaceutical research.
Author Notes
BIRENDRA N. PRAMANIK is a Distinguished Fellow at Merck Research Laboratories, where he directs spectroscopy programs covering mass spectrometry and NMR efforts. He was previously a distinguished fellow at Schering-Plough Research Institute. He received his PhD in organic chemistry under the late Professor Ajay K. Bose from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1977.
MIKE S. LEE is President of Milestone Development Services, a provider of consulting services specializing in pharmaceutical analysis and accelerated drug discovery and development strategies in Newtown, Pennsylvania. He previously directed program research at Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
GUODONG CHEN is Principal Scientist in Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences at Bristol-Myers Squibb in Princeton, New Jersey. He heads a mass spectrometry group in support of drug discovery as well as development programs in small molecule pharmaceuticals and biologics. He received his PhD in analytical chemistry from Purdue University under the direction of Professor R. Graham Cooks.
Table of Contents
| Preface |
| Contributors |
| Part I Methodology |
| 1 Introduction to Mass SpectrometryScott A. Smith and Ruth Waddell Smith and Yu Xia and Zheng Ouyang |
| 1.1 History |
| 1.2 Ionization Methods |
| 1.3 Mass Spectrometer Types |
| 1.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
| 1.5 Separation Techniques Coupled to Mass Spectrometry |
| 1.6 Prospects for Mass Spectrometry |
| 2 LC Method Development and StrategiesGang Xue and Yining Zhao |
| 2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2 Column, pH and Solvent Screening |
| 2.3 Gradient and Temperature Optimization |
| 2.4 Orthogonal Screening |
| 2.5 High Efficiency Separation |
| 2.6 Conclusions |
| 3 Rapid Analysis of Drug Related Substances Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization and Direct Analysis in Real Time Ionization Mass SpectrometryHao Chen and Jiwen Li |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 Ionization Apparatus, Mechanisms and General Performance |
| 3.3 Drug Analysis in Biological Matrices Using DESI and DART |
| 3.4 High Throughput Analysis |
| 3.5 Chemical Imaging and Profiling |
| 3.6 Future Perspectives |
| 4 Orbitrap High Resolution ApplicationsRobert J. Strife |
| 4.1 Historical Anecdote |
| 4.2 General Description of Orbitrap Operating Principles |
| 4.3 The Orbitrap is a "Fourier Transform" Device |
| 4.4 Performing Experiments in Trapping Devices |
| 4.5 Determining Elemental Compositions of "Unknowns" Using an Orbitrap |
| 4.6 Orbitrap Figures of Merit in Mass Measurement |
| 4.7 HPLC Orbitrap MS - Accurate Mass Demonstration and Differentiation of Small Molecule Formulas Very Proximate in Mass/Charge Ratio Space |
| 4.8 Determination of Trace Contaminant Compositions by Simple Screening HPLC-MS and Infusion Orbitrap MS |
| 4.9 Determining Sub-structures - Orbitrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MSn) |
| 4.10 Multi-Analyzer (Hybridized) System - the Linear Ion Trap / Orbitrap for MS/MS and Higher Order MS n , n> 2 |
| 4.11 Mass Mapping to Discover Impurities |
| 4.12 The Current Practice of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry |
| 4.13 Conclusion |
| 5 Structural Characterization of Impurities and Degradation Products in Pharmaceuticals Using High Resolution LC/MS and On-line Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass SpectrometryGuodong Chen and Birendra N. Pramanik |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Characterization of Impurities |
| 5.3 Characterization of Degradation Products |
| 5.4 Conclusions |
| 6 Isotope Patten Recognition on Molecular Formula Determination for Structural Identification of ImpuritiesMing Gu |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 Three Basic Approaches to Isotope Pattern Recognition |
| 6.3 The Importance of Line-Shape Calibration |
| 6.4 Spectral Accuracy |
| 6.5 Formula Determination with Quadrupole MS |
| 6.6 Formula Determination with High Resolution MS |
| 6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions |
| Part II Application |
| 7 Practical Application of Very-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography across the Pharmaceutical Development / Manufacturing ContinuumBrent Kleintop and Qinggang Wang |
| 7.1 Introduction |
| 7.2 Theory and Benefits of VHPLC |
| 7.3 VHPLC Method Development |
| 7.4 Other Practical Considerations |
| 7.5 VHPLC Method Validation |
| 7.6 Summary |
| 8 Impurity Identification for Drug SubstancesDavid W. Berberich and Tao Jiang and Joseph McClurg and Frank Moser and R. Randy Wilhelm |
| 8.1 Introduction |
| 8.2 Case Studies |
| 8.3 Conclusions |
| 9 Impurity Identification in Process Chemistry by Mass SpectrometryDavid Q. Liu and Mingjiang Sun and Lianming Wu |
| 9.1 Introduction |
| 9.2 Experimental |
| 9.3 Applications |
| 9.4 Concluding Remarks |
| 10 Structure Elucidation of Pharmaceutical Impurities and Degradants in Drug Formulation DevelopmentChangkang Pan and Frances Liu and Michael Motto |
| 10.1 Importance of Drug Degradation Studies in Drug Development |
| 10.2 Drug Degradation Studies in Formulation Development |
| 10.3 Complexity of Impurity Identification in Drug Development |
| 10.4 Strategy for Structure Elucidation |
| 10.5 Hyphenated Analytical Techniques |
| 10.6 Case Studies |
| 11 Investigation of Degradation Products and Extractables in Developing Topical OTC (Over the Counter) and NCE (New Chemical Entity) Consumer Healthcare Medication ProductsFa Zhang |
| 11.1 Introduction |
| 11.2 Oxidatively Induced Coupling of Miconazole Nitrate with Butylated Hydroxytoluene in a Topical Ointment |
| 11.3 Extractables from Rubber Closures of a Pre-filled Semisolid Drug Applicator |
| 11.4 New Degradation Products and Pathways of Vitamin D and Its Analogues |
| 11.5 Reductive Degradation of a 1,2,4-Thiadiazolium Derivative |
| 11.6 Conclusions |
| 12 Characterization of Impurities and Degradants in Protein Therapeutics by Mass SpectrometryLi Tao and Michael Ackerman and Wei Wu and Peiran Liu and Reb Russell |
| 12.1 Introduction to Therapeutic Proteins |
| 12.2 Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry |
| 12.3 Impurities |
| 12.4 Degradation Products |
| 12.5 Conclusions |
| 13 Identification and Quantification of Degradants and Impurities in AntibodiesDavid M. Hambly and Himanshu S. Gadgil |
| 13.1 Introduction to Antibodies and Protein Drugs |
| 13.2 Overview of Degradations and Impurities in Protein Drugs and Antibodies |
| 13.3 Methods to Identify and Quantitate Degradations and Impurities |
| 13.4 Conclusions |
