Nanoparticle technology for drug delivery

Nanoparticles, products of nanotechnology, are of increasing interest to the pharmaceutical community. They can increase drug solubility, enhance bioavailability, allow tissue targeting, offer decreased side-effects, and improve therapeutic efficacy. Presenting the most pertinent and practical issues in the manufacturing and biological application of nanoparticles, this source presents state-of-the-art scientific contributions by seasoned authorities in the field.

Ram B. GuptaRainer H. Muller and Jan Moschwitzer and Faris Nadiem BushrabRam B. GuptaRam B. GuptaRoy J. HaskellSanjeeb K. Sahoo and Vinod LabhasetwarPaul J. A. Borm and Roel P. F. SchinsBarrett Rabinow and Mahesh V. ChaubalVivekanand Bhardwaj and Majeti Naga Venkata Ravi KumarSvetlana GelperinaAniruddha C. Amrite and Uday B. KompellaMoses O. Oyewumi and Kevin G. RiceMakena Hammond and Uday B. Kompella

Preface	p. iii
Contributors	p. xi
Part I Technologies for Nanoparticle Manufacturing
1 Fundamentals of Drug Nanoparticles	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Nanoparticle Size	p. 2
Nanoparticle Surface	p. 3
Nanoparticle Suspension and Settling	p. 4
Magnetic and Optical Properties	p. 6
Production of Nanoparticles	p. 6
Biological Transport of Nanoparticles	p. 12
Conclusions	p. 17
References	p. 18
2 Manufacturing of Nanoparticles by Milling and Homogenization Techniques	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Pearl/Ball-Milling Technology for the Production of Drug Nanocrystals	p. 25
Drug Nanocrystals Produced by High-Pressure Homogenization	p. 28
Production of Drug Nanocrystal Compounds by Spray-Drying	p. 33
Production in Nonaqueous Liquids	p. 35
Production in Hot-Melted Matrices	p. 37
Pelletization Techniques	p. 41
Direct Compress	p. 45
References	p. 47
3 Supercritical Fluid Technology for Particle Engineering	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Supercritical CO[subscript 2]	p. 54
Solubility in Supercritical CO[subscript 2]	p. 55
Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution for Particle Formation	p. 59
RESS with Solid Cosolvent for Nanoparticle Formation	p. 63
Supercritical Antisolvent Process for Particle Formation	p. 66
SAS with Enhanced Mass (EM) Transfer (SAS-EM) Process for Nanoparticle Formation	p. 69
Fundamentals Governing Particle Formation with RESS and SAS	p. 70
Other Applications of SCFs for Particle Engineering	p. 74
Safety and Health Issues	p. 78
Conclusions	p. 78
References	p. 79
4 Polymer or Protein Stabilized Nanoparticles from Emulsions	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Emulsification Solvent Evaporation Process	p. 86
Emulsification	p. 87
Nanoparticle Hardening	p. 93
Residual Solvent and Emulsifier	p. 97
Protein Stabilized Nanoparticles	p. 98
Conclusions	p. 99
References	p. 101
Part II Nanoparticle Characterization and Properties
5 Physical Characterization of Nanoparticles	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Measurement of Size	p. 105
Available Methods	p. 109
In Vitro Release	p. 119
Example: Particle Size	p. 121
Conclusions	p. 130
References	p. 132
6 Nanoparticle Interface: An Important Determinant in Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug/Gene Delivery	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Influence of Emulsifier on Pharmaceutical Properties of Nanoparticles	p. 140
Implication on Cellular Uptake/Toxicity/Gene Delivery	p. 148
Biodistribution	p. 153
Conclusions	p. 154
References	p. 154
7 Toxicological Characterization of Engineered Nanoparticles	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Inhalation of Particles	p. 164
Effects of Nanoparticles	p. 170
Screening Engineered NP for Toxicological Hazards	p. 178
Conclusion	p. 187
References	p. 188
Part III Drug Delivery Applications of Nanoparticles
8 Injectable Nanoparticles for Efficient Drug Delivery	p. 199
Introduction: Medical Needs Addressable by Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery	p. 199
Types of Carriers	p. 209
Coating Functionality	p. 215
External Assistance in Targeting	p. 215
Drugs Incorporated	p. 216
Clinical Development	p. 217
Conclusions	p. 220
References	p. 221
9 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Oral Drug Delivery	p. 231
Introduction	p. 231
Physiology of GIT with Relevance to Particulate Uptake	p. 232
Particle Size and Surface Charge: Critical Factors in Particle Absorption	p. 236
Bioadhesion	p. 237
Tracer Techniques	p. 241
In Vitro and In Vivo Models	p. 243
Nanoparticle Formulation	p. 244
Applications	p. 253
Future Directions	p. 260
References	p. 262
10 Brain Delivery by Nanoparticles	p. 273
Introduction	p. 273
Biodistribution Studies	p. 276
Pharmacological Activity	p. 289
Mechanisms of Drug Delivery to the Brain by Means of Polymeric NP	p. 296
Conclusions	p. 309
References	p. 311
11 Nanoparticles for Ocular Drug Delivery	p. 319
Introduction	p. 319
Disposition of Nanoparticles in the Eye	p. 322
Ocular Drug Delivery Enhancement Using Nanoparticles	p. 336
Safety and Tolerability of Particulate Systems	p. 347
Conclusions	p. 352
References	p. 353
12 DNA Nanoparticle Gene Delivery Systems	p. 361
Gene Delivery Vectors	p. 361
Polymers Used to Prepare DNA Nanoparticles	p. 363
Physical Properties of DNA Nanoparticles	p. 365
Biodistribution and Trafficking of DNA Nanoparticles	p. 371
Conclusions	p. 372
References	p. 373
Part IV Clinical, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues
13 Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles: Clinical, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues	p. 381
Introduction	p. 381
Clinical Aspects	p. 382
Environmental, Social, and Ethical Issues	p. 385
Regulatory Challenges	p. 388
Conclusions	p. 392
References	p. 393
Index	p. 397

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Table of Contents