The decommissioning handbook

This comprehensive and authoritative volume will serve as a complete introduction to those new to the field, as well as an up-to-date desk reference on regulations and resources for experienced practitioners.

The handbook will provide a forum building a network of consistent approaches, practices, and results. Covering both NRC and DOE approaches, this book applies not only to decommissioning existing nuclear facilities, but by crossing the traditional lines between operations and reuse, this will also allow us to rethink the construction of new ones.

The expert team of authors provides valuable lessons from their collective experiences in nuclear decommissioning. They represent areas pertaining to policy, engineering, and science. The handbook focuses primarily on time-tested and proven technologies.

Preface	p. iii
Acknowledgments	p. v
Part 1 Introduction	p. 1
Chapter 1 Decommissioning Overview	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Evaluation of Decommissioning Alternatives	p. 4
1.3 Decommissioning Pre-Planning	p. 8
1.4 Decommissioning Characterization Planning	p. 19
1.5 Detailed Decommissioning Planning	p. 20
1.6 Decommissioning Operations	p. 25
1.7 Closeout and Post-Decommissioning	p. 26
Chapter 2 The Nuclear and Related Industry	p. 29
2.1 Introduction	p. 29
2.2 Definition of Decommissioning and Related Terms	p. 30
2.3 DOE Decommissioning	p. 31
2.4 Training, Research, and Test Reactors	p. 38
2.5 Commercial Nuclear Power Reactors	p. 39
2.6 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle	p. 43
Part 2 Regulatory Requirements and Policy Issues	p. 1
Chapter 3 NRC Requirements for Decommissioning	p. 3
3.1 Introduction	p. 3
3.2 NRC Regulatory Framework	p. 3
3.3 Decommissioning Alternatives	p. 3
3.4 Decommissioning Regulations	p. 5
3.5 Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Reactors	p. 6
3.6 Decommissioning of NRC Nonreactor Facilities	p. 7
3.7 Site Management Decommissioning Program	p. 7
3.8 License Termination	p. 8
Chapter 4 Environmental and Related Requirements	p. 11
4.1 Introduction	p. 11
4.2 The Atomic Energy Act	p. 11
4.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	p. 12
4.4 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act	p. 13
4.5 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act	p. 13
4.6 Low-Level Waste Policy Act	p. 14
4.7 Nuclear Waste Policy Act	p. 15
4.8 Clean Air Act	p. 15
4.9 Clean Water Act	p. 16
4.10 Safe Drinking Water Act	p. 17
4.11 National Environmental Policy Act	p. 17
4.12 Endangered Species Act	p. 18
4.13 Toxic Substances Control Act	p. 18
4.14 Federal Facility Compliance Act	p. 19
4.15 National Historic Preservation Act	p. 19
4.16 Coastal Zone Management Act	p. 19
4.17 Fish and Wild Life Coordination Act	p. 20
4.18 State Laws	p. 20
Chapter 5 Internal Requirements of the DOE	p. 21
5.1 Introduction	p. 21
5.2 Environmental Laws and Regulations	p. 21
5.3 Directives Establishing Requirements	p. 21
5.4 Directives Providing Guidance	p. 26
Chapter 6 Occupational Safety and Health Requirements	p. 31
6.1 Introduction	p. 31
6.2 Overview of Regulatory Requirements	p. 32
6.3 Work Planning	p. 34
6.4 Hazard Identification	p. 42
6.5 Integrated Hazards Analysis	p. 47
6.6 Health and Safety Program	p. 51
6.7 Establishing Controls for Hazards	p. 53
6.8 Evaluating Readiness	p. 56
6.9 Management of Change	p. 57
Chapter 7 Risk Analysis in Decommissioning	p. 59
7.1 Introduction	p. 59
7.2 Risk Assessment	p. 59
7.3 Risk Management	p. 63
7.4 Risk Communication	p. 66
7.5 Case Studies of Risk Analysis	p. 68
Chapter 8 Public and Stakeholder Participation	p. 71
8.1 Introduction	p. 71
8.2 Stakeholder Categories	p. 73
8.3 Defining the Participation Approach	p. 76
8.4 The Public Participation Program	p. 77
8.5 Development of Guidelines for Public and Stakeholder Participation	p. 78
Part 3 Planning and Implementation	p. 1
Chapter 9 Initial Decommissioning Planning and Project Management	p. 3
9.1 Project Scope	p. 3
9.2 Planning the Decommissioning Option	p. 4
9.3 Economic Inputs to the Decision Process	p. 9
9.4 Project Management and Planning	p. 10
9.5 Project Initiation--Pre-Decommissioning	p. 11
9.6 Preliminary Studies--Post-Shutdown Pre-Planning	p. 17
9.7 Detailed Design Studies--Post-Shutdown Design Planning	p. 18
9.8 Project Execution	p. 18
9.9 Controls--Project Management	p. 21
9.10 Closeout--Site Restoration	p. 25
Chapter 10 Characterization Planning and Surveys	p. 29
10.1 Introduction	p. 29
10.1.1 Overview	p. 29
10.2 Gathering Information	p. 31
10.3 Characterization Planning and Implementation	p. 38
10.4 Surveying, Sampling, and Measuring Techniques	p. 45
10.5 Release Determination	p. 57
Chapter 11 Regulatory Characterization and Risk Analysis Modeling	p. 67
11.1 Introduction	p. 67
11.2 Resard	p. 67
11.3 DandD	p. 72
11.4 Marssim	p. 74
11.5 Compass	p. 77
11.6 Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program	p. 77
Chapter 12 Cost Estimates and Schedule	p. 85
12.1 Introduction	p. 85
12.2 Types of Cost Estimates	p. 85
12.3 Developing the Cost Estimate	p. 86
12.4 Developing the Project Schedule	p. 99
12.5 Using the Project Schedule	p. 102
Chapter 13 Decontamination Decisions and Process	p. 105
13.1 Introduction	p. 105
13.2 Decision Process	p. 105
13.3 Timing	p. 108
13.4 Elements of a Cost-Benefit Analysis	p. 109
13.5 Estimating Direct Decontamination Costs	p. 112
13.6 Estimating Indirect Decontamination Costs	p. 112
13.7 Additional Decontamination Issues	p. 113
Chapter 14 Spent Fuel and Decommissioning	p. 115
14.1 Introduction	p. 115
14.2 Spent Fuel Acceptance Assessment	p. 116
14.3 Long-Term Spent Fuel Management	p. 116
14.4 Dry Fuel Storage	p. 117
14.5 Wet Fuel Storage	p. 118
14.6 Cost Considerations	p. 119
14.7 Assessment of Options	p. 122
Chapter 15 Transition Planning and Site Closure	p. 125
15.1 Introduction	p. 125
15.2 Transition Planning	p. 125
15.3 Long-Term Stewardship	p. 137
15.4 Site Closure Actions	p. 139
Part 4 Technologies	p. 1
Chapter 16 Characterization	p. 3
16.1 Introduction	p. 3
16.2 Technologies	p. 3
16.3 Description of Select Technologies	p. 6
Chapter 17 Decontamination	p. 11
17.1 Introduction	p. 11
17.2 Pre-planning	p. 11
17.3 Operational Considerations	p. 12
17.4 Radioactive Contamination	p. 13
17.5 Decontamination Factors	p. 14
17.6 Oxide Dissolution	p. 15
17.7 The Nature of Contamination	p. 18
17.8 Chemical Decontamination Processes	p. 21
17.9 Mechanical Decontamination Processes	p. 34
17.10 Other Techniques	p. 41
17.11 Summary	p. 42
Chapter 18 Dismantling	p. 43
18.1 Introduction	p. 43
18.2 Current Technologies	p. 44
18.3 DOE Technology Project Results	p. 66
Chapter 19 Waste Management and Treatment	p. 67
19.1 Introduction	p. 67
19.2 Waste Streams	p. 67
19.3 Legal Requirements and Classification	p. 68
19.4 Waste Management Considerations	p. 72
19.5 Treatment, Handling, and Storage	p. 74
19.6 Waste Technologies	p. 81
19.7 Tritium Waste	p. 93
Chapter 20 Soil and Water Cleanup	p. 99
20.1 Introduction	p. 99
20.2 Cleanup Strategies	p. 100
20.3 Soil Cleanup	p. 102
20.4 Groundwater Cleanup	p. 105
Part 5 Decommissioning Project Experience	p. 1
Chapter 21 Maine Yankee Atomic Power Plant	p. 3
Chapter 22 Rancho Seco Nuclear Plant	p. 11
Chapter 23 Trojan Nuclear Plant	p. 21
Chapter 24 Big Rock Point	p. 33
Chapter 25 Haddam Neck Atomic Power Plant	p. 45
Chapter 26 San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, Unit 1	p. 51
Chapter 27 Iowa State University Research Reactor	p. 61
Chapter 28 Barnwell Nuclear Fuel Plant	p. 69
Chapter 29 The DOE Hanford Site	p. 75
Appendices
References	p. 1
About the Editors	p. 15
Symbols and Units Relevant to Decommissioning	p. 17
Selected Acronyms and Notations	p. 21

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