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Summary
Summary
Rapid urbanization has created an unprecedented pressure on the use of land in cities around the world, resulting in physical and legal complexities. This book explains the theoretical basis and practicality of connecting urban land administration practices with the 3D digital data environment of Building Information Modelling (BIM). The main focus is to adopt a BIM-based paradigm for enhancing communication and management of complex ownership rights in multi-story buildings, which are prevalent in urban built environments. This book first elaborates on a range of data elements required for managing legal information in current land administration practices pertaining to subdivision of legal interests within multi-story building developments. It then explains how an open data model in the BIM domain - Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) - can be extended with legal data elements to lay the foundation for adopting BIM in urban land administration. The book also highlights benefits and barriers of implementing BIM-enabled urban land administration.
Features
Explains the theoretical basis and practicality of connecting urban land administration practices with the 3D digital data environment of BIM. Highlights the existing challenges associated with current practice of urban land administration for multi-story buildings. Introduces the potential of 3D digital environment of BIM for the purpose of mapping and registering legal interests. Describes how BIM-based data models can be extended for recording, managing, and representing legal ownership of properties over a building's lifecycle. Includes models of multi-story buildings as case studies to demonstrate the feasibility of extended BIM-based data models.Author Notes
Prof Abbas Rajabifard is Head of Department of Infrastructure Engineering at The University of Melbourne. He is also Director of the Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures & Land Administration (CSDILA).Prof Rajabifard is a member of Academic Board. He was President of the GSDI Association (2009-2012), Vice Chair of Working Group 3 of the United Nations supported Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific (PCGIAP), is a member of ICA-Spatial Data Standard Commission, and is a member of Victorian Spatial Council. He has been an Executive Board member and national representative to the PCGIAP (1994-1998), member of International Steering Committee for Global Mapping Project (1997-2001) and a member of the UN-ESCAP Group of Experts to develop Guidelines on GIS Standardisation for Asia-Pacific (1995). Prof Rajabifard has active research in the areas of SDI, Land Administration and land management, spatial enablement, spatial enabled government and societies, disaster management, 3D platforms and virtual jurisdictions.
Dr. Mohsen Kalantari is a Senior Lecturer in Geomatics and Associate Director at the Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration (CSDILA) in the Dept of Infrastructure Engineering at The University of Melbourne. Mohsen teaches Land Administration Systems (LAS) and Spatial Analysis and has several publications. Dr Kalantari is a spatial data engineer and in recognition of his research he has been awarded a prestigious Victoria Fellowship. The Victoria Fellowships recognise young researchers with leadership potential and aim to help them enhance their future careers, while developing new ideas which could offer commercial benefit to Victoria. He has also worked at the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE), Land Victoria and has an extensive knowledge of land administration systems of Australia. He completed his PhD in 2008.
Dr. Behnam Atazadeh is a post-doctoral research fellow in the Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration, Department of Infrastructure Engineering. He has extensive experience in using 3D building information models and other 3D digital technologies for cadastral surveying in urban areas. As part of his research, Behnam has published several articles in reputable scientific journals and conferences in the domain of spatial and urban informatics.
Reviews 1
Choice Review
Urban land administration has traditionally been based on two-dimensional systems for recording, managing, and representing what is typically a three-dimensional world. That approach has created particular challenges as urban land has developed into multistory buildings, complex shopping centers, interconnected transport networks, parking garages, and utility networks. Meanwhile, the architecture, engineering, and construction industries have developed a 3D building information modeling (BIM) process to facilitate communication and collaboration during the building life cycle. This short book presents a detailed theoretical and practical framework within which the connection between urban land administration effort and the virtual intelligent data environment can occur. The book consists of seven chapters: the first two introduce the legal and physical aspects of urban environments, as well as their administration, providing examples from several countries. The other five chapters provide background on BIM and the implementation model developed by authors Rajabifard, Atazadeh, and Kalantari (all, Univ. of Melbourne), including discussion of its impact and future prospects for urban land administration. In sum, the authors propose the adoption of BIM as a paradigm for enhancing the communication and management of complex ownership rights in today's urban centers. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals. Students enrolled in two-hear technical programs. --Enrique Gomezdelcampo, Bowling Green State University
Table of Contents
List of Figures | p. xi |
List of Tables | p. xvii |
Preface | p. xix |
Acknowledgments | p. xxiii |
Authors | p. xxv |
Introduction | p. xxvii |
1 Managing Legal and Physical Complexities of Urban Environments | p. 1 |
1.1 Land Administration Systems and Urban Complexity | p. 1 |
1.2 Legal Partitioning of Multi-Story Buildings: 2D-Based Approaches | p. 2 |
1.3 3D Digital Models | p. 10 |
1.4 3D Legal Models of Buildings | p. 12 |
1.5 3D Physical Models of Buildings | p. 14 |
1.6 Building Information Models | p. 16 |
1.7 Current Benefits and Challenges of BIM in the AEC Industry | p. 17 |
1.8 Potential of BIM for Urban Land Administration | p. 19 |
References | p. 21 |
2 Urban Land Administration-A Digital Paradigm | p. 25 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 25 |
2.2 Urban Land Administration-An International Context | p. 26 |
2.2.1 Canada | p. 27 |
2.2.2 Malaysia | p. 28 |
2.2.3 The Netherlands | p. 30 |
2.2.4 Sweden | p. 33 |
2.2.5 Australia | p. 35 |
2.3 Urban Land Administration in Victoria, Australia | p. 35 |
2.3.1 Planning Phase | p. 36 |
2.3.2 Certification Phase | p. 38 |
2.3.3 Compliance Phase | p. 42 |
2.3.4 Registration Phase | p. 43 |
2.4 Data Requirements in Urban Land Administration | p. 47 |
2.4.1 Legal Objects | p. 48 |
2.4.1.1 Primary Legal Interests | p. 48 |
2.4.1.2 Secondary Legal Interests | p. 52 |
2.4.1.3 Legal Boundaries | p. 54 |
2.4.2 Physical Objects | p. 58 |
2.4.3 Legal Documents | p. 58 |
2.4.4 Land Administration Actors | p. 59 |
2.4.5 Administrative Data | p. 59 |
2.5 Data Models Enabling Digital Urban Land Administration | p. 61 |
2.5.1 LADM | p. 61 |
2.5.2 ePlan Model | p. 65 |
2.5.3 Land and Infrastructure (LandInfra) Model | p. 67 |
2.5.4 CityGML Standard | p. 69 |
2.6 Concluding Remarks | p. 76 |
References | p. 76 |
3 Fundamentals of the BIM Environment-Opportunities for Land Administration | p. 81 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 81 |
3.2 BIM | p. 82 |
3.2.1 BIM-Process and Product Perspectives | p. 84 |
3.2.2 BIM Maturity Levels | p. 85 |
3.2.3 Multi-Dimensional BIM (4D, 5D, and 6D) | p. 87 |
3.3 Open BIM | p. 88 |
3.3.1 IDM | p. 89 |
3.3.2 MVD | p. 90 |
3.3.3 IFD | p. 92 |
3.3.4 BCF | p. 93 |
3.4 IFC Standard | p. 94 |
3.4.1 Resource Layer of IFC | p. 95 |
3.4.2 Core Layer of IFC | p. 96 |
3.4.3 Interoperability Layer of IFC | p. 98 |
3.4.4 Domain Layer of IFC | p. 98 |
3.4.5 Object Placements and Spatial Reference Systems within the IFC Standard | p. 99 |
3.4.6 Solid Models within the IFC Standard | p. 101 |
3.4.6.1 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) | p. 101 |
3.4.6.2 Boundary Representation (B-rep) | p. 101 |
3.4.6.3 Swept Solid | p. 102 |
3.4.7 IFC Standard and Other 3D Spatial Data Models | p. 102 |
3.4.8 IFC Entities Pertinent to Urban Land Administration | p. 104 |
3.4.8.1 Spatial Elements | p. 105 |
3.4.8.2 Physical Elements | p. 105 |
3.4.8.3 Document Referencing Elements | p. 105 |
3.4.8.4 Actor Assignment Elements | p. 107 |
3.5 BIM Projects in Land Administration | p. 107 |
3.5.1 IFC for an Indoor Cadaster | p. 108 |
3.5.2 IFC for Property Valuation | p. 109 |
3.5.3 Cadastral Extension of UBM | p. 110 |
3.5.4 UrbanIT Project | p. 111 |
3.5.5 BIM-Based Registration of Stratified Properties in the Netherlands | p. 113 |
3.5.6 Connecting BIM and Legal Data Models | p. 114 |
3.5.6.1 IFC and LADM | p. 114 |
3.5.6.2 BIM and the ePlan Model | p. 117 |
3.5.6.3 BIM and LandInfra | p. 118 |
3.5.7 IDM-Based Workflow for Cadastral Registration | p. 118 |
3.5.8 As-Built BIM Models for Underground Property Management | p. 118 |
3.6 Concluding Remarks | p. 119 |
References | p. 120 |
4 BIM-Enabled 3D Digital Urban Land Administration-New Era in Managing Cities | p. 127 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 127 |
4.2 Alternatives for Extending IFC for Urban Land Administration | p. 128 |
4.3 Adopted Extension Approach for Enabling IFC-Based Urban Land Administration | p. 129 |
4.3.1 Property Set Definitions in IFC | p. 129 |
4.3.2 User-Defined Values in IFC | p. 131 |
4.4 Modeling Legal Interests in IFC | p. 131 |
4.4.1 Primary Legal Interests in IFC | p. 133 |
4.4.1.1 Lot | p. 133 |
4.4.1.2 Common Property | p. 135 |
4.4.1.3 Road | p. 136 |
4.4.1.4 Reserve | p. 138 |
4.4.2 Secondary Legal Interests in IFC | p. 138 |
4.4.2.1 Easement | p. 138 |
4.4.2.2 Restriction | p. 139 |
4.4.2.3 Depth Limitation and Airspace | p. 141 |
4.5 Modeling Legal Boundaries in IFC | p. 143 |
4.5.1 Modeling the Geometry and Topology of Legal Boundaries in IFC (4) | p. 143 |
4.5.1.1 Line-Based Legal Boundaries | p. 144 |
4.5.1.2 Surface-Based Legal Boundaries | p. 146 |
4.5.2 Semantic Modeling of Legal Boundaries in IFC | p. 148 |
4.5.2.1 General Boundaries in IFC | p. 148 |
4.5.2.2 Fixed Boundaries in IFC | p. 151 |
4.6 Modeling Land Administration Actors in IFC | p. 152 |
4.7 Referencing and Managing Legal Documents in IFC | p. 154 |
4.8 Administrative Information | p. 157 |
4.9 General Guidelines for Realizing BIM-Driven Digital Urban Land Administration | p. 159 |
4.10 Concluding Remarks | p. 159 |
Reference | p. 162 |
5 Implementing BIM Models-From Simple to Complex Urban Developments | p. 163 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 163 |
5.2 Constructing BIM Models | p. 164 |
5.3 Constructing BIM Models from 3D Surveying Data | p. 164 |
5.3.1 BIM Models from Laser-Scanning Data | p. 168 |
5.3.2 BIM Models from UAV Data | p. 169 |
5.3.2.1 Image to BIM Alignment | p. 170 |
5.3.2.2 Point Cloud to BIM Alignment | p. 171 |
5.3.3 UAV Localization | p. 171 |
5.3.4 BIM Models from LiDAR, Photogrammetry, and 2D Floorplans | p. 172 |
5.4 Enriching the BIM Models for Urban Land Administration | p. 174 |
5.5 Visualization of BIM Models | p. 175 |
5.5.1 Primary Legal Interests | p. 175 |
5.5.2 Secondary Legal Interests | p. 178 |
5.5.3 Legal Boundaries | p. 179 |
5.5.4 Legal Documents and Land Administration Actors | p. 183 |
5.5.5 Administrative Information | p. 185 |
5.6 Concluding Remarks | p. 186 |
References | p. 186 |
6 Impacts of BIM on Urban Land Administration | p. 189 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 189 |
6.2 Benefits of BIM for Urban Land Administration Practices | p. 190 |
6.2.1 Legal Interests | p. 191 |
6.2.2 Legal Boundaries | p. 195 |
6.3 Challenges of BIM-Based Urban Land Administration | p. 199 |
6.3.1 Technical Challenges | p. 199 |
6.3.2 Institutional Challenges | p. 199 |
6.3.2.1 Regulative Elements as Constraints | p. 200 |
6.3.2.2 Normative Elements as Constraints | p. 201 |
6.3.2.3 Cultural-Cognitive Elements as Constraints | p. 203 |
6.4 Concluding Remarks | p. 204 |
References | p. 205 |
7 Prospect of BIM in the Land Administration Domain-Technical Aspects | p. 207 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 207 |
7.2 Integrated Lifecycle Management of Urban Land Administration Processes in BIM | p. 207 |
7.3 BIM-Enabled Urban Land Administration in Infrastructure Projects | p. 209 |
7.4 Spatial Reasoning of BIM Models | p. 211 |
7.5 Spatial Integrity of BIM Models | p. 215 |
7.6 Extending the IFC Standard to Other Jurisdictions | p. 216 |
7.7 BIM for Property Measurement in Urban Land | p. 218 |
7.8 Automatic Generalization of BIM Models for Land Administration Purposes | p. 219 |
References | p. 220 |
Appendix A EXPRESS-G Notation | p. 221 |
Appendix B Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) | p. 225 |
Index | p. 227 |