Digital data integrity : the evolution from passive protection to active management

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Summary

How to plan your future strategy for efficient, cost-saving data management

Businesses have historically treated data protection as an afterthought, as simply making an occasional copy of data that could be used in the future. Today, this attitude is changing rapidly. The ever-increasing amount of data, along with the emphasis on continuous availability, necessitates changes in the approach to data integrity, which results in management and protection becoming much more closely aligned. Digital Data Integrity throws light on the data integrity landscape of the future. It provides the reader with a brief overview of the historical methods and subsequent evolution of data protection. The text shows how the whole subject of data integrity is changing and describes and positions many of the new, enhanced, more intelligent protection technologies and methods.

Digital Data Integrity:

Takes a unique, forward look at data protection and management, highlighting the paradigm shift from simple backup and recovery to total data management. Details recent developments in compliance regulations in an accessible manner. Covers enhanced protection technologies such as advanced intelligent synthetic backups, data reduction methods, and data growth - online protection using continuous data protection. Explains data life cycle management and data storage, using management, quality of service products and tools to achieve better data management, intelligent allocation of storage, and compliance with regulations. Contains information on quality control, looking at SLA (Service Level Agreements), protection by business unit and billing/charge back. Unique insight into hot topics such as next generation bare metal recovery and true system provisioning.

This invaluable text will provide system administrators, and database administrators, as well as senior IT managers and decision makers with a thorough understanding of data management and protection.

With contributions from Ray Schafer and Paul Mayer.

Author Notes

David Little is Data Protection specialist for VERITAS Software. He has worked in the IT industry for 37 years, nine of which were spent working with data protection applications. David is co-author of Implementing Backup and Recovery: The Readiness Guide for the Enterprise.

Skip Farmer is Senior Staff Systems Engineer and a member of the VERITAS Government Specialist Organization, focusing on Data Protection for VERITAS Software in the Government space. He has worked with data protection products for six years, and has 12 years in industry.

Oussama El-Hilali is Director, Product Management Team, NetBackup at VERITAS Software. During his tenure he has helped enhance the Data Management products through product definition based on customer and partner interaction and technology acquisitions. Oussama has been in the software development industry for 15 years.

Acknowledgements	p. xi
Introduction	p. xiii
1 An Introduction to Data Protection Today	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Traditional Backup and Recovery	p. 1
1.3 Hierarchical Storage Migration (HSM)	p. 5
1.4 Disaster Recovery	p. 6
1.5 Vaulting	p. 7
1.5.1 Offsiting Original Backup	p. 10
1.5.2 Create Multiple Copies of the Backup	p. 10
1.5.3 Duplicate the Original Backup	p. 10
1.6 Encryption	p. 11
1.6.1 Client Side Encryption	p. 11
1.6.2 Media Server Encryption	p. 12
1.6.3 Encryption Appliance	p. 12
1.7 Management and Reporting	p. 12
1.7.1 Service Level Management	p. 13
1.8 Summary	p. 14
2 The Evolution	p. 15
2.1 Introduction	p. 15
2.2 Storage Virtualization	p. 15
2.2.1 Why Storage Virtualization?	p. 16
2.3 RAID	p. 17
2.3.1 So What Does This Really Mean?	p. 18
2.4 RAID Levels	p. 19
2.5 What Mirroring and RAID Do Not Do	p. 22
2.5.1 Which RAID Should I Use When?	p. 23
2.6 Replication	p. 24
2.6.1 Host-Based Replication	p. 27
2.6.2 RAID System Replication	p. 27
2.7 Standby or DR Site	p. 28
2.8 Summary	p. 29
3 Backup Integration	p. 31
3.1 Introduction	p. 31
3.2 Snapshots	p. 31
3.2.1 Mirror	p. 32
3.2.1.1 Mirror as an instant recovery mechanism	p. 32
3.2.1.2 Mirror as a backup object, either by the application server or by a backup server	p. 32
3.2.1.3 Mirror resynchronization	p. 33
3.2.2 COW Snapshot	p. 35
3.2.3 Replication	p. 37
3.2.4 Applications	p. 38
3.2.5 Summary	p. 39
4 Bare Metal Restore	p. 41
4.1 Introduction	p. 41
4.2 Background	p. 41
4.2.1 Why BMR?	p. 42
4.2.2 Why Has This Taken So Long?	p. 43
4.3 The Evolution of BMR Capabilities	p. 44
4.3.1 The Manual Reinstall-and-Restore Method	p. 45
4.3.1.1 Limitations of the manual reinstall-and-restore method	p. 45
4.3.2 Operating System Provided Recovery Solutions	p. 48
4.3.2.1 Limitations of operating system provided recovery solutions	p. 49
4.3.3 Hybrid or Home-Grown Recovery Solutions	p. 50
4.4 Filling the Gap - Integrated BMR	p. 53
4.4.1 The Bar Rises	p. 54
4.5 The Problem of Dissimilar Disk Recovery	p. 55
4.5.1 Approach 1: Changing the Disk and Volume Configuration Information	p. 55
4.5.2 Approach 2: Adjusting the Volumes and File Systems During Recovery	p. 56
4.6 The Problem of Automating Disk Mapping	p. 56
4.7 The Problem of Dissimilar System Recovery	p. 58
4.7.1 Windows Dissimilar System Restore Issues	p. 59
4.7.2 UNIX Dissimilar System Restore Issues	p. 60
4.8 The Current State of Integrated BMR	p. 61
4.9 The Future of BMR	p. 62
4.9.1 Enterprise Data Protection Server Self-Restore	p. 62
4.9.2 Automated Dissimilar Disk Restore	p. 63
4.9.3 Automated Dissimilar System Recovery	p. 63
4.9.4 Network Integration	p. 64
4.10 New Capabilities and Challenges in Data Protection and the Effect on Bare Metal Recovery	p. 64
4.10.1 Continuous Data Protection (CDP)	p. 64
4.10.2 Single Instance Store (SIS)	p. 64
4.10.3 Storage Area Network (SAN)	p. 65
4.11 Large-Scale Automated Bare Metal Recovery	p. 65
4.12 Summary	p. 66
5 Management	p. 67
5.1 Introduction	p. 67
5.2 Protecting Data Throughout Its Life Cycle	p. 69
5.3 Architecting for Efficient Management	p. 71
5.4 Reporting	p. 78
5.4.1 Backup Operations Reporting	p. 79
5.4.2 Alerting and Notification	p. 81
5.4.3 Backup Reporting to Business Units	p. 83
5.5 Business Unit Chargeback	p. 86
5.5.1 Backup Service Providers	p. 86
5.6 Conclusion	p. 87
6 Security	p. 89
6.1 Introduction	p. 89
6.2 Encryption and Data Protection	p. 90
6.2.1 Encryption Overview	p. 90
6.2.2 Encryption and Key Management	p. 91
6.2.3 Encryption Use in Data Protection	p. 92
6.3 Data Protection Application Security	p. 94
6.3.1 Terminology	p. 95
6.3.1.1 Authentication	p. 95
6.3.1.2 Authorization	p. 95
6.3.1.3 Access control	p. 96
6.3.2 Role-Based Security	p. 96
6.3.3 Audit Trails	p. 97
6.3.4 Firewalls	p. 97
6.4 Security Vulnerabilities in Data Protection Applications	p. 98
6.4.1 Vulnerability Detection and Fix Process	p. 99
6.4.2 Types of Vulnerabilities	p. 100
6.5 Conclusion	p. 101
7 New Features in Data Protection	p. 103
7.1 Introduction	p. 103
7.2 Synthetic Backups	p. 104
7.3 Evolution of Synthetic Backups	p. 106
7.4 Benefits of Synthetic Backups	p. 106
7.5 Building a Synthetic Backup	p. 108
7.6 Technical Considerations and Limitations	p. 109
7.6.1 File-Based Versus Block-Based Synthetics	p. 109
7.6.2 File Types and File Change Frequency	p. 109
7.6.3 Media Considerations	p. 110
7.7 Disk-Based Solutions	p. 110
7.8 Disk to Disk	p. 111
7.9 Disk Staging	p. 112
7.9.1 Early Implementations	p. 113
7.9.2 Later Implementations	p. 114
7.9.3 Commercial Implementations	p. 116
7.10 Virtual Tape	p. 116
7.10.1 Advantages of Virtual Tape	p. 117
7.10.2 Technical Considerations and Limitations	p. 118
7.11 Disk-Based Data Protection Implementation Issues	p. 118
7.12 Conclusion	p. 119
8 Disk-Based Protection Technologies	p. 121
8.1 Introduction	p. 121
8.2 Disk Synthetic Backup	p. 122
8.3 Online Protection: CDP	p. 123
8.3.1 A CDP Definition	p. 124
8.3.2 CDP Using Byte Level Replication	p. 125
8.3.3 CDP or 'Near' CDP Using Snapshot Technology	p. 126
8.3.4 Benefits and Technical Considerations of CDP	p. 127
8.4 Data Reduction: SIS	p. 128
8.4.1 Primary Data Growth and Secondary Data Explosion	p. 129
8.4.2 Issues With Today's Secondary Data Storage	p. 130
8.4.3 Growth of the Geographically Dispersed Business Model	p. 131
8.4.4 Issues with Remote Office Backups in the Traditional Data Protection Model	p. 131
8.4.5 SIS as a Solution to Remote Office and Data Redundancy	p. 132
8.4.6 Data Redundancy Elimination Using SIS	p. 133
8.4.7 Benefits and Technical Considerations of SIS	p. 134
8.5 New Pricing Paradigms for Disk-Based Protection	p. 137
8.5.1 Source Versus Target	p. 138
8.5.2 Tiered Versus Nontiered	p. 139
8.5.3 Size of the Increments	p. 140
8.6 Conclusion	p. 141
9 Managing Data Life Cycle and Storage	p. 143
9.1 Introduction	p. 143
9.2 Issues Surrounding Data Life Cycle	p. 143
9.3 Data Life Cycle Management	p. 145
9.3.1 Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) as a Space Management Tool	p. 146
9.3.1.1 Space management example	p. 147
9.3.2 Archive Management	p. 148
9.3.3 Archive and Space Management Together	p. 151
9.4 Application Considerations	p. 152
9.4.1 Email as a Driving Force	p. 152
9.4.2 Instant Messaging	p. 153
9.4.3 Business Portals	p. 154
9.4.4 Applying an Application Strategy	p. 155
9.4.5 Content Indexing	p. 156
9.5 Additional Considerations	p. 157
9.5.1 File System Intelligence	p. 157
9.5.2 File Blocking	p. 157
9.5.3 Backup Integration	p. 159
9.6 Security	p. 160
9.6.1 Public Disclosure	p. 161
9.6.2 Archive as a Secondary Target	p. 161
9.7 Compliance	p. 162
9.7.1 Record Deletion	p. 163
9.8 Conclusion	p. 165
10 Quality Control	p. 167
10.1 Introduction	p. 167
10.2 Quality Control as a Framework	p. 168
10.3 Managing the Service Level Agreements (SLAs)	p. 172
10.4 Protection by Business Unit	p. 173
10.4.1 Storage Resource Management (SRM)	p. 174
10.5 Application Considerations	p. 175
10.5.1 Corrective Action	p. 176
10.5.2 Patching	p. 177
10.6 Policy and Compliance	p. 178
10.7 Cost Modelling	p. 179
10.8 Security	p. 181
10.9 Conclusion	p. 182
11 Tools for the System	p. 185
11.1 Introduction	p. 185
11.2 HA	p. 185
11.2.1 Protecting Data that is Part of a Cluster	p. 186
11.2.2 Clustering a Data Protection Application so that It can be Highly Available	p. 187
11.3 Provisioning	p. 188
11.3.1 Growing Environments	p. 189
11.3.2 From Test to Production	p. 190
11.4 Virtualization	p. 190
11.5 Summary	p. 191
Conclusion	p. 193
Glossary	p. 199
Appendix A p. 207
Appendix B p. 219
Index	p. 239

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