Research methods : designing and conducting research with a real-world focus

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Title:

Personal Author:

Picardi, Carrie A.

Publication Information:

Thousand Oaks California : SAGE Publications, Inc., 2014

Physical Description:

xvii, 275 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9781452230337

Subject Term:

Psychology -- Research -- Methodology

Added Author:

Masida Rasyed

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010325310	BF76.5 P53 2014	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ KL	33000000016424	BF76.5 P53 2014	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Research Methods: Designing and Conducting Research with a Real-World Focus provides the tools required to conduct relevant, high-quality research in both the classroom and the field. Carrie A. Picardi and Kevin D. Masick--psychologists with expertise in both teaching research methods and applying methods to diverse field settings--offer a unique perspective by integrating current research articles with field-specific scenarios. They draw from research methodology tactics, strategy, and constraints from practitioners across the social sciences and in business. This text effectively bridges the gap between theory and practice by demonstrating how research is done within an organizational setting, and supplies students with relevant, applicable examples to learn from.

Preface	p. xv
About the Authors	p. xvii
Part I Foundation of Research Methods	p. 1
1 Introduction to Research Methods	p. 3
Research Process	p. 4
Research and Experiments	p. 5
How We Learn	p. 6
Box 1.1 Induction and Deduction	p. 7
Basic Versus Applied Research	p. 7
Box 1.2 Practitioner Spotlight: Basic Versus Applied Research	p. 8
Scientific Method	p. 9
Chapter Summary	p. 10
Discussion Questions	p. 10
Chapter Key Terms	p. 10
2 Variables, Measures, and Hypotheses	p. 11
Variables	p. 12
Box 2.1 Time Disguised	p. 14
Scales of Measurement	p. 15
Nominal Scale	p. 15
Ordinal Scale	p. 16
Interval Scale	p. 16
Ratio Scale	p. 17
Box 2.2 The Meaning of True 0	p. 17
Hypotheses and Research Questions	p. 18
Theory-Driven Versus Data-Driven Hypotheses	p. 21
Directional Versus Nondirectional Hypotheses	p. 22
Descriptive Versus Causal Hypotheses	p. 23
Hypothesis Summary	p. 24
Chapter Summary	p. 24
Discussion Questions	p. 25
Chapter Key Terms	p. 25
3 Ethical and Legal Considerations in the Research Process	p. 27
What Is Ethics?	p. 27
Aren't Ethics and the Law the Same?	p. 28
The Ethical Evolution of Research	p. 28
Nuremberg Trials	p. 28
Milgram's Obedience Study (1963)	p. 30
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study (1971)	p. 30
The Tuskegee Experiments (1932)	p. 31
The Next Step: Ethical Standards to Ensure History Will Not Repeat Itself	p. 31
The Belmont Report	p. 31
Box 3.1 Privacy Matters: What Is the Difference Between Anonymity and Confidentiality?	p. 32
Box 3.2 Deception and Debriefing	p. 34
Ethics in Reporting Research Findings	p. 35
Legal Spotlight: Handling Real-World Data and Ensuring Compliance in Field Settings	p. 36
Health Care Settings	p. 38
Further Reading: Links to Ethical Standards and Codes of Conduct	p. 39
Chapter Summary	p. 40
Discussion Questions	p. 41
Chapter Key Terms	p. 42
4 Reliability	p. 43
Reliability Theories	p. 44
Goals of Reliability	p. 45
Test-Retest Reliability	p. 46
Interrater/Intrarater Reliability	p. 48
Parallel or Equivalent Forms Reliability	p. 49
Split Half Reliability	p. 49
Internal Consistency/Coefficient Alpha	p. 50
Box 4.1 In-Basket Test Reliability	p. 50
Reliability Summary	p. 51
Chapter Summary	p. 52
Discussion Questions	p. 53
Chapter Key Terms	p. 53
5 Statistical Conclusion and Internal Validity	p. 55
Box 5.1 Validity and Reliability Demystified	p. 56
Box 5.2 Practitioner Spotlight: Standardized Practices?	p. 57
Statistical Conclusion Validity	p. 58
Design of the Methodology	p. 59
Restriction of Range	p. 59
Heterogeneity of Units	p. 60
Box 5.3 Statistical Conclusion Validity Threats	p. 60
Extraneous Variance in Experimental Setting	p. 61
Measurement of the Variables	p. 61
Unreliability of Measures	p. 62
Unreliability of Treatment Implementation	p. 62
Components of the Statistical Analysis	p. 62
Low Statistical Power	p. 63
Fishing and Error Rate	p. 63
Box 5.4 The Effect of Conducting Multiple Tests	p. 64
Inaccurate Effect Size Estimation	p. 64
Violated Assumptions of Tests	p. 64
Statistical Conclusion Validity Summary	p. 65
Internal Validity	p. 65
Selection	p. 66
Box 5.5 Internal Validity Threats	p. 66
Ambiguous Temporal Precedence	p. 67
History	p. 67
Attrition	p. 68
Maturation	p. 68
Regression to the Mean	p. 68
Testing	p. 69
Instrumentation	p. 69
Internal Validity Summary	p. 70
Conclusion of Statistical Conclusion and Internal Validity	p. 70
Chapter Summary	p. 70
Discussion Questions	p. 71
Chapter Key Terms	p. 71
6 Construct and External Validity	p. 73
External Validity	p. 74
Variation in Participants	p. 75
Variation in Settings	p. 75
Variation in Treatments	p. 76
Variation in Outcomes	p. 76
External Validity Summary	p. 77
Construct Validity	p. 77
Box 6.1 Construct Validity From a Practitioner and Researcher Perspective	p. 78
Box 6.2 Construct Validity Threats	p. 79
Definition of Variables	p. 80
Inadequate Explication of Constructs	p. 80
Mono-Method Bias	p. 80
Construct Confounding	p. 81
Confounding Constructs With Levels of Constructs	p. 81
Researcher/Participant Issues	p. 82
Reactivity to Self-Report Changes	p. 82
Reactivity to the Experimental Situation	p. 83
Experimenter Expectancies	p. 83
Novelty and Disruption Effects	p. 84
Compensatory Equalization	p. 84
Box 6.3 Market Research	p. 84
Compensatory Rivalry and Resentful Demoralization	p. 85
Implementation of Design	p. 85
Treatment Sensitive Factorial Structure	p. 86
Treatment Diffusion	p. 86
Mono-Operation Bias	p. 86
Construct Validity Summary	p. 87
Other Validities	p. 88
Face Validity	p. 88
Content Validity	p. 89
Criterion-Related Validity	p. 89
Box 6.4 The Varying Views of Content Validity	p. 90
Convergent and Discriminant Validity	p. 90
Concurrent Validity	p. 91
Predictive Validity	p. 92
Chapter Summary	p. 93
Discussion Questions	p. 93
Chapter Key Terms	p. 93
Part II Research Designs
7 Experimental Research Designs
Box 7.1 Research Designs	p. 98
Requirements of Experimental Design	p. 98
Key Elements of Experimental Design	p. 99
Random Assignment Versus Random Selection	p. 99
Control	p. 100
Manipulation	p. 101
Measurement	p. 101
Experimental Research and Validity	p. 102
Applicability of Random Assignment	p. 103
Experimental Design Features	p. 104
Between Subjects Experiments	p. 107
Within Subjects Experiments	p. 109
Design Features Combined	p. 110
Experimental Design Summary	p. 111
Chapter Summary	p. 112
Discussion Questions	p. 112
Chapter Key Terms	p. 112
8 Quasi-Experimental Research Designs	p. 113
Requirements of Quasi-Experimental Design	p. 114
Key Elements of Quasi-Experimental Design	p. 115
Quasi-Experimental Design and Validity	p. 116
Quasi-Experimental Design Features	p. 118
Between Subjects Experiments	p. 122
Dealing With Individual Differences	p. 123
Within Subjects Experiments	p. 124
Design Features Combined	p. 125
Quasi-Experimental Design Summary	p. 126
Chapter Summary	p. 127
Discussion Questions	p. 127
Chapter Key Terms	p. 127
9 Nonexperimental Research Designs	p. 129
What Is Nonexperimental Research?	p. 130
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonexperimental Designs	p. 131
Advantages	p. 131
Disadvantages	p. 131
Observation	p. 132
Obtrusive and Unobtrusive Observational Designs	p. 133
Box 9.1 Obtrusive Versus Unobtrusive Reactivity: Remember the Hawthorne Studies?	p. 134
Naturalistic and Controlled Observational Settings	p. 134
Box 9.2 Advantages and Disadvantages to Naturalistic and Controlled Observation Settings	p. 135
Archival Data Analysis	p. 136
Archival Data: Hard Copy, Electronic, and Multimedia Sources	p. 136
Archival Data: Statistical Records	p. 136
Survey Research Designs	p. 137
Case Studies	p. 137
Meta-Analysis	p. 138
Nonexperimental Designs and Qualitative Data Analysis	p. 140
Content Analysis	p. 140
The Coding System	p. 141
Box 9.3 Practitioner Spotlight: Using Nonexperimental Designs in Human Resource Management Practices	p. 142
Chapter Summary	p. 143
Discussion Questions	p. 144
Chapter Key Terms	p. 145
10 Survey Research Designs	p. 147
An Introduction to Survey Research	p. 147
Box 10.1 Survey or Questionnaire... Tomato or Tomahto?	p. 148
Questionnaire Construction	p. 149
Types of Questions	p. 149
Open-Ended and Close-Ended Questions	p. 150
Forced Choice Items	p. 151
Response Scales	p. 151
Frequency Response Scales	p. 152
Unipolar and Bipolar Response Scales	p. 153
Graphic Response Scales	p. 153
Item Quantity and Progression	p. 154
Questionnaire Implementation	p. 154
Sampling and Sample Size	p. 154
Sampling Techniques	p. 155
Box 10.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research Delivery Modes	p. 157
Survey Research Issues	p. 159
Survey Research Errors	p. 161
Analyzing, Reporting, and Applying Survey Findings	p. 162
Box 10.3 Practitioner Spotlight: Organizational Survey Research/Correlational Research	p. 163
Chapter Summary	p. 166
Discussion Questions	p. 167
Chapter Key Terms	p. 168
Part III Research Interpretation and Application	p. 169
11 Integration of Statistical Terminology With Validity and Statistical Analyses	p. 171
Construct Validity and Constructs	p. 172
Statistical Conclusion Validity and Statistical Terms	p. 176
Alpha and Type I Error	p. 177
Beta and Type II Error	p. 177
Power	p. 178
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	p. 180
Central Tendency	p. 180
Variability	p. 181
Closing Thoughts on Statistical Terminology	p. 184
Statistical Analysis and Scales of Measurement	p. 184
Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics	p. 185
Steps to Statistical Analysis	p. 186
Prediction Analysis	p. 189
Statistical Analysis Interpretation	p. 189
Closing Thoughts on Statistics	p. 190
Chapter Summary	p. 191
Discussion Questions	p. 192
Chapter Key Terms	p. 192
12 Generalization of Results to Field Settings	p. 193
Translating Results Into Meaningful Information	p. 194
Elements of Generalization	p. 194
A Final Note	p. 199
Chapter Summary	p. 200
Discussion Questions	p. 201
Chapter Key Terms	p. 202
13 Bridging the Science-Practice Gap	p. 203
Evolution of Applied Research: From the Lab to the Field	p. 203
The Challenges of Applied Research	p. 205
Challenge #1 Prioritizing Needs and Handling Constraints	p. 205
Challenge #2 Maintaining Scientific Rigor Behind the Scenes	p. 207
Challenge #3 Ensuring Value for Applied Settings	p. 210
Box 13.1 Practitioner Spotlight: A Case Study From the Organizational Development Department	p. 213
Chapter Summary	p. 216
Discussion Questions	p. 217
Chapter Key Terms	p. 218
14 Writing a Research Report	p. 219
Structure of a Research Report	p. 219
Section 1 Title Page	p. 220
Section 2 Abstract	p. 222
Box 14.1 Selecting Research Articles Based on Abstracts	p. 223
Section 3	p. 225
Section 4 Method	p. 228
Section 5 Results	p. 230
Section 6 Discussion	p. 232
Section 7 References	p. 234
Section 8 Appendices	p. 235
Putting It All Together-Final Thoughts	p. 239
Chapter Summary	p. 241
Discussion Questions	p. 242
Chapter Key Terms	p. 242
Glossary	p. 243
References	p. 257
Index	p. 265

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