Digital radio system design

A systematic explanation of the principles of radio systems, Digital Radio System Design offers a balanced treatment of both digital transceiver modems and RF front-end subsystems and circuits. It provides an in-depth examination of the complete transceiver chain which helps to connect the two topics in a unified system concept. Although the book tackles such diverse fields it treats them in sufficient depth to give the designer a solid foundation and an implementation perspective.

Covering the key concepts and factors that characterise and impact radio transmission and reception, the book presents topics such as receiver design, noise and distortion. Information is provided about more advanced aspects of system design such as implementation losses due to non-idealities. Providing vivid examples, illustrations and detailed case-studies, this book is an ideal introduction to digital radio systems design.

Offers a balanced treatment of digital modem and RF front-end design concepts for complete transceivers Presents a diverse range of topics related to digital radio design including advanced transmission and synchronization techniques with emphasis on implementation Provides guidance on imperfections and non-idealities in radio system design Includes detailed design case-studies incorporating measurement and simulation results to illustrate the theory in practice

Author Notes

Grigorios Kalivas, Applied Electronics Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department of the University of Patras, Greece
Dr Kalivas is a lecturer at the University of Patras. His research and development interests include receiver system design for wireless indoor and cellular communications and the design and implementation of tranceiver components and subsystems such as receiver front-end, frequency synthesizers and data synchronizers. His research areas include spread-spectrum communications, propagation measurements and channel modelling for portable radio systems in the 1GHz to 30GHz frequency range. Dr Kalivas has developed extensive expertise in every level of design and implementation of the physical layer of systems for wireless communications applications and in particular indoor portable radio at 1.75 GHz and wireless LANs and PCN at 30 GHz. Dr Kalivas has about 30 publications in IEEE journals and conferences.

Preface	p. xiii
1 Radio Communications: System Concepts, Propagation and Noise	p. 1
1.1 Digital Radio Systems and Wireless Applications	p. 2
1.1.1 Cellular Radio Systems	p. 2
1.1.2 Short- and Medium-range Wireless Systems	p. 3
1.1.3 Broadband Wireless Access	p. 6
1.1.4 Satellite Communications	p. 6
1.2 Physical Layer of Digital Radio Systems	p. 7
1.2.1 Radio Platform	p. 7
1.2.2 Baseband Platform	p. 9
1.2.3 Implementation Challenges	p. 10
1.3 Linear Systems and Random Processes	p. 11
1.3.1 Linear Systems and Expansion of Signals in Orthogonal Basis Functions	p. 11
1.3.2 Random Processes	p. 12
1.3.3 White Gaussian Noise and Equivalent Noise Bandwidth	p. 15
1.3.4 Deterministic and Random Signals of Bandpass Nature	p. 16
1.4 Radio Channel Characterization	p. 19
1.4.1 Large-scale Path Loss	p. 19
1.4.2 Shadow Fading	p. 22
1.4.3 Multipath Fading in Wideband Radio Channels	p. 22
1.5 Nonlinearity and Noise in Radio Frequency Circuits and Systems	p. 32
1.5.1 Nonlinearity	p. 32
1.5.2 Noise	p. 38
1.6 Sensitivity and Dynamic Range in Radio Receivers	p. 44
1.6.1 Sensitivity and Dynamic Range	p. 44
1.6.2 Link Budget and its Effect on the Receiver Design	p. 44
1.7 Phase-locked Loops	p. 46
1.7.1 Introduction	p. 46
1.7.2 Basic Operation of Linear Phase-locked Loops	p. 46
1.7.3 The Loop Filter	p. 48
1.7.4 Equations and Dynamic Behaviour of the Linearized PLL	p. 50
1.7.5 Stability of Phase-locked Loops	p. 53
1.7.6 Phase Detectors	p. 55
1.7.7 PLL Performance in the Presence of Noise	p. 59
1.7.8 Applications of Phase-locked Loops	p. 60
References	p. 62
2 Digital Communication Principles	p. 65
2.1 Digital Transmission in AWGN Channels	p. 65
2.1.1 Demodulation by Correlation	p. 65
2.1.2 Demodulation by Matched Filtering	p. 67
2.1.3 The Optimum Detector in the Maximum Likelihood Sense	p. 69
2.1.4 Techniques for Calculation of Average Probabilities of Error	p. 72
2.1.5 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)	p. 73
2.1.6 Bandpass Signalling	p. 75
2.7.7 M-ary Phase Modulation	p. 82
2.1.8 Offset QPSK	p. 89
2.1.9 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation	p. 90
2.1.10 Coherent Detection for Nonideal Carrier Synchronization	p. 93
2.1.11 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying	p. 96
2.1.12 Continuous Phase FSK	p. 98
2.1.13 Minimum Shift Keying	p. 103
2.1.14 Noncoherent Detection	p. 106
2.1.15 Differentially Coherent Detection (M-DPSK)	p. 107
2.2 Digital Transmission in Fading Channels	p. 112
2.2.1 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation	p. 112
2.2.2 M-PSK Modulation	p. 113
2.2.3 M-FSK Modulation	p. 113
2.2.4 Coherent Reception with Nonideal Carrier Synchronization	p. 114
2.2.5 Noncoherent M-FSK Detection	p. 116
2.3 Transmission Through Band-limited Channels	p. 117
2.3.1 Introduction	p. 117
2.3.2 Baseband Transmission Through Bandlimited Channels	p. 120
2.3.3 Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI	p. 122
2.3.4 System Design in Band-limited Channels of Predetermined Frequency Response	p. 125
2.4 Equalization	p. 128
2.4.1 Introduction	p. 128
2.4.2 Sampled-time Channel Model with ISI and Whitening Filter	p. 131
2.4.3 Linear Equalizers	p. 134
2.4.4 Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer	p. 136
2.4.5 Detection by Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation	p. 137
2.4.6 Decision Feedback Equalizer	p. 138
2.4.7 Practical Considerations	p. 139
2.4.8 Adaptive Equalization	p. 140
2.5 Coding Techniques for Reliable Communication	p. 141
2.5.1 Introduction	p. 141
2.5.2 Benefits of Coded Systems	p. 143
2.5.3 Linear Block Codes	p. 143
2.5.4 Cyclic Codes	p. 145
2.6 Decoding and Probability of Error	p. 147
2.6.1 Introduction	p. 147
2.6.2 Convolutional Codes	p. 151
2.6.3 Maximum Likelihood Decoding	p. 154
2.6.4 The Viterbi Algorithm for Decoding	p. 156
2.6.5 Transfer Function for Convolutional Codes	p. 157
2.6.6 Error Performance in Convolutional Codes	p. 158
2.6.7 Turbo Codes	p. 159
2.6.8 Coded Modulation	p. 162
2.6.9 Coding and Error Correction in Fading Channels	p. 164
References	p. 168
3 RF Transceiver Design	p. 173
3.1 Useful and Harmful Signals at the Receiver Front-End	p. 173
3.2 Frequency Downconversion and Image Reject Subsystems	p. 175
3.2.1 Hartley Image Reject Receiver	p. 177
3.2.2 Weaver Image Reject Receiver	p. 180
3.3 The Heterodyne Receiver	p. 183
3.4 The Direct Conversion Receiver	p. 185
3.4.1 DC Offset	p. 186
3.4.2 I-Q Mismatch	p. 188
3.4.3 Even-Order Distortion	p. 189
3.4.4 1/f Noise	p. 189
3.5 Current Receiver Technology	p. 190
3.5.1 Image Reject Architectures	p. 190
3.5.2 The Direct Conversion Architecture	p. 206
3.6 Transmitter Architectures	p. 208
3.6.1 Information Modulation and Baseband Signal Conditioning	p. 209
3.6.2 Two-stage Up-conversion Transmitters	p. 210
3.6.3 Direct Upconversion Transmitters	p. 211
References	p. 211
4 Radio Frequency Circuits and Subsystems	p. 215
4.1 Role of RF Circuits	p. 216
4.2 Low-noise Amplifiers	p. 219
4.2.1 Main Design Parameters of Low-noise Amplifiers	p. 219
4.2.2 LNA Configurations and Design Trade-offs	p. 222
4.3 RF Receiver Mixers	p. 227
4.3.1 Design Considerations for RF Receiver Mixers	p. 227
4.3.2 Types of Mixers	p. 228
4.3.3 Noise Figure	p. 232
4.3.4 Linearity and Isolation	p. 235
4.4 Oscillators	p. 235
4.4.1 Basic Theory	p. 235
4.4.2 High-frequency Oscillators	p. 239
4.4.3 Signal Quality in Oscillators	p. 241
4.5 Frequency-Synthesizers	p. 243
4.5.1 Introduction	p. 243
4.5.2 Main Design Aspects of Frequency Synthesizers	p. 244
4.5.3 Synthesizer Architectures	p. 247
4.5.4 Critical Synthesizer Components and their Impact on the System Performance	p. 253
4.5.5 Phase Noise	p. 256
4.6 Downconverter Design in Radio Receivers	p. 258
4.6.1 Interfaces of the LNA and the Mixer	p. 258
4.6.2 Local Oscillator Frequency Band and Impact of Spurious Frequencies	p. 261
4.6.3 Matching at the Receiver Front-end	p. 261
4.7 RF Power Amplifiers	p. 263
4.7.1 General Concepts and System Aspects	p. 263
4.7.2 Power Amplifier Configurations	p. 264
4.7.3 Impedance Matching Techniques for Power Amplifiers	p. 271
4.7.4 Power Amplifier Subsystems for Linearization	p. 273
References	p. 273
5 Synchronization, Diversity and Advanced Transmission Techniques	p. 277
5.1 TFR Timing and Frequency Synchronization in Digital Receivers	p. 277
5.1.1 Introduction	p. 277
5.1.2 ML Estimation (for Feedback and Feed-forward) Synchronizers	p. 280
5.1.3 Feedback Frequency/Phase Estimation Algorithms	p. 282
5.1.4 Feed-forward Frequency/Phase Estimation Algorithms	p. 286
5.1.5 Feedback Timing Estimation Algorithms	p. 291
5.1.6 Feed-forward Timing Estimation Algorithms	p. 293
5.2 Diversity	p. 295
5.2.1 Diversity Techniques	p. 295
5.2.2 System Model	p. 296
5.2.3 Diversity in the Receiver	p. 297
5.2.4 Implementation Issues	p. 302
5.2.5 Transmitter Diversity	p. 304
5.3 OFDM Transmission	p. 306
5.3.1 Introduction	p. 306
5.3.2 Transceiver Model	p. 309
5.3.3 OFDM Distinct Characteristics	p. 312
5.3.4 OFDM Demodulation	p. 313
5.3.5 Windowing and Transmitted Signal	p. 314
5.3.6 Sensitivities and Shortcomings of OFDM	p. 315
5.3.7 Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems	p. 339
5.4 Spread Spectrum Systems	p. 342
5.4.1 Introduction and Basic Properties	p. 342
5.4.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Transmission and Reception	p. 348
5.4.3 Frequency Hopping SS Transmission and Reception	p. 350
5.4.4 Spread Spectrum for Multiple Access Applications	p. 352
5.4.5 Spreading Sequences for Single-user and Multiple Access DSSS	p. 358
5.4.6 Code Synchronization for Spread Spectrum Systems	p. 363
5.4.7 The RAKE Receiver	p. 365
References	p. 368
6 System Design Examples	p. 371
6.1 The DECT Receiver	p. 371
6.1.1 The DECT Standard and Technology	p. 371
6.1.2 Modulation and Detection Techniques for DECT	p. 372
6.1.3 A DECT Modem for a Direct Conversion Receiver Architecture	p. 375
6.2 QAM Receiver for 61 Mb/s Digital Microwave Radio Link	p. 394
6.2.1 System Description	p. 394
6.2.2 Transmitter Design	p. 396
6.2.3 Receiver Design	p. 397
6.2.4 Simulation Results	p. 403
6.2.5 Digital Modem Implementation	p. 406
6.3 OFDM Transceiver System Design	p. 416
6.3.1 Introduction	p. 416
6.3.2 Channel Estimation in Hiperlan/2	p. 418
6.3.3 Timing Recovery	p. 423
6.3.4 Frequency Offset Correction	p. 424
6.3.5 Implementation and Simulation	p. 435
References	p. 438
Index	p. 441

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents