Abel J. GonzálezSergey Fesenko and Lisa Zeiller and Gabriele VoigtVyacheslav Shershakov and Sergey Fesenko and Ivan Kryshev and Natalya SemioshkinaRudolph M. AlexakhinPiero R. DanesiW. Eberhard Flack and Roger Seitz and Mike Pearl and Mark Audet and Peter Schmidt and Horst M. FernandesOleg Voitsekhovych and Tatyana LavrovaYong-Guan Zhu and Bao-Dong ChenKasper G. Andersson and Per RoosDeborah Oughton and Ingrid Bay-Larsen and Gabriele VoigtG. Voigt and S. Fesenko

Contributors	p. ix
Introduction	p. xi
1 International Approaches to Remediation of Territorial Radioactive Contamination	p. 1
1 Introduction	p. 2
2 Misunderstandings	p. 2
3 Scenarios	p. 5
4 The International Radiation Protection Paradigm	p. 7
5 International Standards on Remediation	p. 29
References	p. 38
2 Site Characterisation and Measurement Strategies for Remediation Purposes	p. 41
1 The Role of Site Characterisation in Remediation of Contaminated Environments	p. 42
2 Sources of Radionuclides in the Environment Determining a Need for Remediation	p. 46
3 Site-Specific Factors Governing Remedial Actions	p. 54
4 Radioecological Survey of Contaminated Sites before, during and after Remediation	p. 64
5 Performing Field Measurements and Sampling	p. 81
6 Sample Preparation and Laboratory Measurements	p. 90
7 Safety	p. 106
8 Post-Remediation Survey and Compliance Verification	p. 106
9 Conclusion	p. 108
References	p. 109
3 Decision-Aiding Tools for Remediation Strategies	p. 121
1 Introduction	p. 122
2 Justification and Optimisation of Remedial Measures on Contaminated Areas: The ALARA Principle	p. 123
3 Application of the Decision-Aiding Technologies for Justification of Remediation Strategies in Different Environments	p. 135
4 Review of Presently Available Decision Support Systems	p. 153
5 Conclusion	p. 171
References	p. 172
4 Remediation of Areas Contaminated after Radiation Accidents	p. 177
1 The Main Features of Remediation after Radiation Accidents and Incidents	p. 178
2 Radioactive Contamination of the Techa River (USSR - Russia)	p. 183
3 The Radiation Accident at the 'Mayak' Production Plant (the Kyshtym Accident) in the USSR in 1957	p. 190
4 The Radiation Accident at Goi&acaron;nia, Brazil	p. 201
5 The Palomares Accident (Spain)	p. 204
6 The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident	p. 205
References	p. 219
5 Remediation of Sites Contaminated by Nuclear Weapon Tests	p. 223
1 Introduction	p. 223
2 The Bikini and Enewetak Atolls in the Republic of the Marshall Islands: Tests Conducted by USA	p. 224
3 Maralinga in Australia: Tests Conducted by the United Kingdom	p. 243
Acknowledgement	p. 257
References	p. 257
6 Remediation as Part of the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities	p. 263
1 Introduction	p. 264
2 Life Cycle Management	p. 267
3 Long-Term Stewardship Issues	p. 268
4 Reuse Options	p. 269
5 Synergies Between Decommissioning and Remediation	p. 271
6 Project Management	p. 276
7 Residues Management	p. 278
8 Quality Management	p. 281
9 Practical Experience in Remediation and Site Reuse	p. 282
10 Conclusions	p. 339
References	p. 340
7 Remediation Planning of Uranium Mining and Milling Facilities: The Pridneprovsky Chemical Plant Complex in Ukraine	p. 343
1 Introduction	p. 343
2 Current Activities in and around the PChP Territory	p. 347
3 Typical Patterns of Site Contamination	p. 348
4 Preliminary Dose Assessment and Conclusions Based on Monitoring Data Analyses	p. 350
5 Compliance with Radiation Safety Requirements	p. 352
6 New Approach to a Remediation Strategy	p. 354
References	p. 355
8 Principles and Technologies for Remediation of Uranium-Contaminated Environments	p. 357
1 Environmental Uranium Contamination	p. 358
2 Remedial Technologies for Uranium-Contaminated Environments	p. 360
3 Bioremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Environments	p. 362
4 Conclusion	p. 369
References	p. 370
9 Effectiveness of Remedial Techniques for Environments Contaminated by Artificial Radionuclides	p. 375
1 Introduction	p. 376
2 Influence of Release Scenario on Effectiveness of Remedial Measures	p. 376
3 Different Remediation Needs: Options and Implications	p. 384
4 Remediation in Contaminated Urban Ecosystems	p. 393
5 Remediation in Contaminated Agricultural Ecosystems	p. 403
6 Remediation in Contaminated Forest Ecosystems	p. 409
7 Remediation in Contaminated Aquatic Ecosystems	p. 415
References	p. 420
10 Social, Ethical, Environmental and Economic Aspects of Remediation	p. 427
1 Introduction	p. 428
2 Environmental Secondary Effects of Remediation	p. 429
3 The Chernobyl Experience	p. 432
4 Ethical Aspects of Remediation	p. 439
5 Two-Way Communication and Information	p. 445
6 Conclusions	p. 447
References	p. 448
Concluding Remarks	p. 453
Author Index	p. 457
Subject Index	p. 467